diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index b61e7af..5c7ec4e 100755
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -53,13 +53,13 @@ Most plugins are intended for public use, but a few are for other purposes, like
 
 A plugin can have five components, and two of them are required:
 
-| Component | Description                                  | Required? |
-|:----------|:---------------------------------------------|:----------|
-| action    | Main function. Expects `msg` table as an argument.   | Y |
-| triggers  | Table of triggers for the plugin. Uses Lua patterns. | Y |
-| cron      | Optional function to be called every minute.         | N |
-| command   | Basic command and syntax. Listed in the help text.   | N |
-| doc       | Usage for the plugin. Returned by "/help $command".  | N |
+| Component | Description                                          | Required? |
+|:----------|:-----------------------------------------------------|:----------|
+| action    | Main function. Expects `msg` table as an argument.   | Y         |
+| triggers  | Table of triggers for the plugin. Uses Lua patterns. | Y         |
+| cron      | Optional function to be called every minute.         | N         |
+| command   | Basic command and syntax. Listed in the help text.   | N         |
+| doc       | Usage for the plugin. Returned by "/help $command".  | N         |
 
 The `on_msg_receive()` function adds a few variables to the `msg` table for your convenience. These are self-explanatory: `msg.from.id_str`, `msg.to.id_str`, `msg.chat.id_str`, `msg.text_lower`, `msg.from.name`.
 
diff --git a/bindings.lua b/bindings.lua
index 0ddf9b5..db117bd 100755
--- a/bindings.lua
+++ b/bindings.lua
@@ -2,17 +2,13 @@
 -- Bindings for the Telegram bot API.
 -- https://core.telegram.org/bots/api
 
-assert(HTTPS)
-assert(JSON)
-assert(URL)
+local bindings = {}
 
-local BASE_URL = 'https://api.telegram.org/bot' .. config.bot_api_key
+local HTTPS = require('ssl.https')
+local JSON = require('cjson')
+local URL = require('socket.url')
 
-if config.bot_api_key == '' then
-	error('You did not set your bot token in config.lua!')
-end
-
-sendRequest = function(url)
+function bindings.sendRequest(url)
 
 	local dat, res = HTTPS.request(url)
 
@@ -30,28 +26,28 @@ sendRequest = function(url)
 
 end
 
-getMe = function()
+function bindings:getMe()
 
-	local url = BASE_URL .. '/getMe'
-	return sendRequest(url)
+	local url = self.BASE_URL .. '/getMe'
+	return bindings.sendRequest(url)
 
 end
 
-getUpdates = function(offset)
+function bindings:getUpdates(offset)
 
-	local url = BASE_URL .. '/getUpdates?timeout=20'
+	local url = self.BASE_URL .. '/getUpdates?timeout=20'
 
 	if offset then
 		url = url .. '&offset=' .. offset
 	end
 
-	return sendRequest(url)
+	return bindings.sendRequest(url)
 
 end
 
-sendMessage = function(chat_id, text, disable_web_page_preview, reply_to_message_id, use_markdown, disable_notification)
+function bindings:sendMessage(chat_id, text, disable_web_page_preview, reply_to_message_id, use_markdown, disable_notification)
 
-	local url = BASE_URL .. '/sendMessage?chat_id=' .. chat_id .. '&text=' .. URL.escape(text)
+	local url = self.BASE_URL .. '/sendMessage?chat_id=' .. chat_id .. '&text=' .. URL.escape(text)
 
 	if disable_web_page_preview == true then
 		url = url .. '&disable_web_page_preview=true'
@@ -69,30 +65,30 @@ sendMessage = function(chat_id, text, disable_web_page_preview, reply_to_message
 		url = url .. '&disable_notification=true'
 	end
 
-	return sendRequest(url)
+	return bindings.sendRequest(url)
 
 end
 
-sendReply = function(msg, text)
+function bindings:sendReply(msg, text)
 
-	return sendMessage(msg.chat.id, text, true, msg.message_id)
+	return bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, text, true, msg.message_id)
 
 end
 
-sendChatAction = function(chat_id, action)
+function bindings:sendChatAction(chat_id, action)
  -- Support actions are typing, upload_photo, record_video, upload_video, record_audio, upload_audio, upload_document, find_location
 
-	local url = BASE_URL .. '/sendChatAction?chat_id=' .. chat_id .. '&action=' .. action
-	return sendRequest(url)
+	local url = self.BASE_URL .. '/sendChatAction?chat_id=' .. chat_id .. '&action=' .. action
+	return bindings.sendRequest(self, url)
 
 end
 
-sendLocation = function(chat_id, latitude, longitude, reply_to_message_id, disable_notification)
+function bindings:sendLocation(chat_id, latitude, longitude, reply_to_message_id, disable_notification)
 
 	if latitude == 0 then latitude = 0.001 end
 	if longitude == 0 then longitude = 0.001 end
 
-	local url = BASE_URL .. '/sendLocation?chat_id=' .. chat_id .. '&latitude=' .. latitude .. '&longitude=' .. longitude
+	local url = self.BASE_URL .. '/sendLocation?chat_id=' .. chat_id .. '&latitude=' .. latitude .. '&longitude=' .. longitude
 
 	if reply_to_message_id then
 		url = url .. '&reply_to_message_id=' .. reply_to_message_id
@@ -102,27 +98,27 @@ sendLocation = function(chat_id, latitude, longitude, reply_to_message_id, disab
 		url = url .. '&disable_notification=true'
 	end
 
-	return sendRequest(url)
+	return bindings.sendRequest(self, url)
 
 end
 
-forwardMessage = function(chat_id, from_chat_id, message_id, disable_notification)
+function bindings:forwardMessage(chat_id, from_chat_id, message_id, disable_notification)
 
-	local url = BASE_URL .. '/forwardMessage?chat_id=' .. chat_id .. '&from_chat_id=' .. from_chat_id .. '&message_id=' .. message_id
+	local url = self.BASE_URL .. '/forwardMessage?chat_id=' .. chat_id .. '&from_chat_id=' .. from_chat_id .. '&message_id=' .. message_id
 
 	if disable_notification then
 		url = url .. '&disable_notification=true'
 	end
 
-	return sendRequest(url)
+	return bindings.sendRequest(self, url)
 
 end
 
  -- TODO: More of this.
 
-sendPhotoID = function(chat_id, file_id, caption, reply_to_message_id, disable_notification)
+function bindings:sendPhotoID(chat_id, file_id, caption, reply_to_message_id, disable_notification)
 
-	local url = BASE_URL .. '/sendPhoto?chat_id=' .. chat_id .. '&photo=' .. file_id
+	local url = self.BASE_URL .. '/sendPhoto?chat_id=' .. chat_id .. '&photo=' .. file_id
 
 	if caption then
 		url = url .. '&caption=' .. URL.escape(caption)
@@ -136,20 +132,20 @@ sendPhotoID = function(chat_id, file_id, caption, reply_to_message_id, disable_n
 		url = url .. '&disable_notification=true'
 	end
 
-	return sendRequest(url)
+	return bindings.sendRequest(self, url)
 
 end
 
-curlRequest = function(curl_command)
+function bindings.curlRequest(curl_command)
  -- Use at your own risk. Will not check for success.
 
 	io.popen(curl_command)
 
 end
 
-sendPhoto = function(chat_id, photo, caption, reply_to_message_id, disable_notification)
+function bindings:sendPhoto(chat_id, photo, caption, reply_to_message_id, disable_notification)
 
-	local url = BASE_URL .. '/sendPhoto'
+	local url = self.BASE_URL .. '/sendPhoto'
 
 	local curl_command = 'curl -s "' .. url .. '" -F "chat_id=' .. chat_id .. '" -F "photo=@' .. photo .. '"'
 
@@ -165,13 +161,13 @@ sendPhoto = function(chat_id, photo, caption, reply_to_message_id, disable_notif
 		curl_command = curl_command .. ' -F "disable_notification=true"'
 	end
 
-	return curlRequest(curl_command)
+	return bindings.curlRequest(curl_command)
 
 end
 
-sendDocument = function(chat_id, document, reply_to_message_id, disable_notification)
+function bindings:sendDocument(chat_id, document, reply_to_message_id, disable_notification)
 
-	local url = BASE_URL .. '/sendDocument'
+	local url = self.BASE_URL .. '/sendDocument'
 
 	local curl_command = 'curl -s "' .. url .. '" -F "chat_id=' .. chat_id .. '" -F "document=@' .. document .. '"'
 
@@ -183,13 +179,13 @@ sendDocument = function(chat_id, document, reply_to_message_id, disable_notifica
 		curl_command = curl_command .. ' -F "disable_notification=true"'
 	end
 
-	return curlRequest(curl_command)
+	return bindings.curlRequest(curl_command)
 
 end
 
-sendSticker = function(chat_id, sticker, reply_to_message_id, disable_notification)
+function bindings:sendSticker(chat_id, sticker, reply_to_message_id, disable_notification)
 
-	local url = BASE_URL .. '/sendSticker'
+	local url = self.BASE_URL .. '/sendSticker'
 
 	local curl_command = 'curl -s "' .. url .. '" -F "chat_id=' .. chat_id .. '" -F "sticker=@' .. sticker .. '"'
 
@@ -201,13 +197,13 @@ sendSticker = function(chat_id, sticker, reply_to_message_id, disable_notificati
 		curl_command = curl_command .. ' -F "disable_notification=true"'
 	end
 
-	return curlRequest(curl_command)
+	return bindings.curlRequest(curl_command)
 
 end
 
-sendAudio = function(chat_id, audio, reply_to_message_id, duration, performer, title, disable_notification)
+function bindings:sendAudio(chat_id, audio, reply_to_message_id, duration, performer, title, disable_notification)
 
-	local url = BASE_URL .. '/sendAudio'
+	local url = self.BASE_URL .. '/sendAudio'
 
 	local curl_command = 'curl -s "' .. url .. '" -F "chat_id=' .. chat_id .. '" -F "audio=@' .. audio .. '"'
 
@@ -231,13 +227,13 @@ sendAudio = function(chat_id, audio, reply_to_message_id, duration, performer, t
 		curl_command = curl_command .. ' -F "disable_notification=true"'
 	end
 
-	return curlRequest(curl_command)
+	return bindings.curlRequest(curl_command)
 
 end
 
-sendVideo = function(chat_id, video, reply_to_message_id, duration, caption, disable_notification)
+function bindings:sendVideo(chat_id, video, reply_to_message_id, duration, caption, disable_notification)
 
-	local url = BASE_URL .. '/sendVideo'
+	local url = self.BASE_URL .. '/sendVideo'
 
 	local curl_command = 'curl -s "' .. url .. '" -F "chat_id=' .. chat_id .. '" -F "video=@' .. video .. '"'
 
@@ -257,13 +253,13 @@ sendVideo = function(chat_id, video, reply_to_message_id, duration, caption, dis
 		curl_command = curl_command .. ' -F "disable_notification=true"'
 	end
 
-	return curlRequest(curl_command)
+	return bindings.curlRequest(curl_command)
 
 end
 
-sendVoice = function(chat_id, voice, reply_to_message_id, duration, disable_notification)
+function bindings:sendVoice(chat_id, voice, reply_to_message_id, duration, disable_notification)
 
-	local url = BASE_URL .. '/sendVoice'
+	local url = self.BASE_URL .. '/sendVoice'
 
 	local curl_command = 'curl -s "' .. url .. '" -F "chat_id=' .. chat_id .. '" -F "voice=@' .. voice .. '"'
 
@@ -279,6 +275,8 @@ sendVoice = function(chat_id, voice, reply_to_message_id, duration, disable_noti
 		curl_command = curl_command .. ' -F "disable_notification=true"'
 	end
 
-	return curlRequest(curl_command)
+	return bindings.curlRequest(curl_command)
 
 end
+
+return bindings
diff --git a/bot.lua b/bot.lua
index cc8e331..915d8f7 100755
--- a/bot.lua
+++ b/bot.lua
@@ -1,73 +1,77 @@
-HTTP = require('socket.http')
-HTTPS = require('ssl.https')
-URL = require('socket.url')
-JSON = require('cjson')
+local bot = {}
 
-version = '3.5'
+local bindings = require('bindings') -- Load Telegram bindings.
+local utilities = require('utilities') -- Load miscellaneous and cross-plugin functions.
 
-bot_init = function() -- The function run when the bot is started or reloaded.
+bot.version = '3.5'
 
-	config = dofile('config.lua') -- Load configuration file.
-	dofile('bindings.lua') -- Load Telegram bindings.
-	dofile('utilities.lua') -- Load miscellaneous and cross-plugin functions.
+function bot:init() -- The function run when the bot is started or reloaded.
+
+	self.config = require('config') -- Load configuration file.
+
+	self.BASE_URL = 'https://api.telegram.org/bot' .. self.config.bot_api_key
+	if self.config.bot_api_key == '' then
+		error('You did not set your bot token in config.lua!')
+	end
 
 	-- Fetch bot information. Try until it succeeds.
-	repeat bot = getMe() until bot
-	bot = bot.result
+	repeat self.info = bindings.getMe(self) until self.info
+	self.info = self.info.result
 
 	-- Load the "database"! ;)
-	if not database then
-		database = load_data(bot.username..'.db')
+	if not self.database then
+		self.database = utilities.load_data(self.info.username..'.db')
 	end
 
-	plugins = {} -- Load plugins.
-	for i,v in ipairs(config.plugins) do
-		local p = dofile('plugins/'..v)
-		table.insert(plugins, p)
+	self.plugins = {} -- Load plugins.
+	for _,v in ipairs(self.config.plugins) do
+		local p = require('plugins/'..v)
+		table.insert(self.plugins, p)
+		if p.init then p.init(self) end
 	end
 
-	print('@' .. bot.username .. ', AKA ' .. bot.first_name ..' ('..bot.id..')')
+	print('@' .. self.info.username .. ', AKA ' .. self.info.first_name ..' ('..self.info.id..')')
 
 	-- Generate a random seed and "pop" the first random number. :)
 	math.randomseed(os.time())
 	math.random()
 
-	last_update = last_update or 0 -- Set loop variables: Update offset,
-	last_cron = last_cron or os.date('%M') -- the time of the last cron job,
-	is_started = true -- and whether or not the bot should be running.
-	database.users = database.users or {} -- Table to cache userdata.
-	database.users[tostring(bot.id)] = bot
+	self.last_update = self.last_update or 0 -- Set loop variables: Update offset,
+	self.last_cron = self.last_cron or os.date('%M') -- the time of the last cron job,
+	self.is_started = true -- and whether or not the bot should be running.
+	self.database.users = self.database.users or {} -- Table to cache userdata.
+	self.database.users[tostring(self.info.id)] = self.info
 
 	-- Migration code. Remove in 3.6.
-	if database.lastfm then
-		for k,v in pairs(database.lastfm) do
-			if not database.users[k] then database.users[k] = {} end
-			database.users[k].lastfm = v
+	if self.database.lastfm then
+		for k,v in pairs(self.database.lastfm) do
+			if not self.database.users[k] then self.database.users[k] = {} end
+			self.database.users[k].lastfm = v
 		end
 	end
 
 	-- Migration code. Remove in 3.6.
-	if database.nicknames then
-		for k,v in pairs(database.nicknames) do
-			if not database.users[k] then database.users[k] = {} end
-			database.users[k].nickname = v
+	if self.database.nicknames then
+		for k,v in pairs(self.database.nicknames) do
+			if not self.database.users[k] then self.database.users[k] = {} end
+			self.database.users[k].nickname = v
 		end
 	end
 
 end
 
-on_msg_receive = function(msg) -- The fn run whenever a message is received.
+function bot:on_msg_receive(msg) -- The fn run whenever a message is received.
 
 	-- Create a user entry if it does not exist.
-	if not database.users[tostring(msg.from.id)] then
-		database.users[tostring(msg.from.id)] = {}
+	if not self.database.users[tostring(msg.from.id)] then
+		self.database.users[tostring(msg.from.id)] = {}
 	end
 	-- Clear things that no longer exist.
-	database.users[tostring(msg.from.id)].username = nil
-	database.users[tostring(msg.from.id)].last_name = nil
+	self.database.users[tostring(msg.from.id)].username = nil
+	self.database.users[tostring(msg.from.id)].last_name = nil
 	-- Wee.
 	for k,v in pairs(msg.from) do
-		database.users[tostring(msg.from.id)][k] = v
+		self.database.users[tostring(msg.from.id)][k] = v
 	end
 
 	if msg.date < os.time() - 5 then return end -- Do not process old messages.
@@ -78,24 +82,24 @@ on_msg_receive = function(msg) -- The fn run whenever a message is received.
 	end -- If the replied-to message has a caption, make that its text.
 
 	if msg.text:match('^/start .+') then
-		msg.text = '/' .. msg.text:input()
+		msg.text = '/' .. utilities.input(msg.text)
 	end
 
-	for i,v in ipairs(plugins) do
-		for k,w in pairs(v.triggers) do
+	for _,v in ipairs(self.plugins) do
+		for _,w in pairs(v.triggers) do
 			if string.match(msg.text:lower(), w) then
 				-- a few shortcuts
 				msg.chat.id_str = tostring(msg.chat.id)
 				msg.from.id_str = tostring(msg.from.id)
 				msg.text_lower = msg.text:lower()
-				msg.from.name = build_name(msg.from.first_name, msg.from.last_name)
+				msg.from.name = utilities.build_name(msg.from.first_name, msg.from.last_name)
 
 				local success, result = pcall(function()
-					return v.action(msg)
+					return v.action(self, msg)
 				end)
 				if not success then
-					sendReply(msg, 'Sorry, an unexpected error occurred.')
-					handle_exception(result, msg.from.id .. ': ' .. msg.text)
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, 'Sorry, an unexpected error occurred.')
+					bindings.handle_exception(self, result, msg.from.id .. ': ' .. msg.text)
 					return
 				end
 				-- If the action returns a table, make that table msg.
@@ -111,28 +115,30 @@ on_msg_receive = function(msg) -- The fn run whenever a message is received.
 
 end
 
-bot_init() -- Actually start the script. Run the bot_init function.
+bot.init(bot) -- Actually start the script. Run the bot_init function.
 
-while is_started do -- Start a loop while the bot should be running.
+while bot.is_started do -- Start a loop while the bot should be running.
 
-	local res = getUpdates(last_update+1) -- Get the latest updates!
-	if res then
-		for i,v in ipairs(res.result) do -- Go through every new message.
-			last_update = v.update_id
-			on_msg_receive(v.message)
+	do
+		local res = bindings.getUpdates(bot, bot.last_update+1) -- Get the latest updates!
+		if res then
+			for _,v in ipairs(res.result) do -- Go through every new message.
+				bot.last_update = v.update_id
+				bot.on_msg_receive(bot, v.message)
+			end
+		else
+			print(bot.config.errors.connection)
 		end
-	else
-		print(config.errors.connection)
 	end
 
-	if last_cron ~= os.date('%M') then -- Run cron jobs every minute.
-		last_cron = os.date('%M')
-		save_data(bot.username..'.db', database) -- Save the database.
-		for i,v in ipairs(plugins) do
+	if bot.last_cron ~= os.date('%M') then -- Run cron jobs every minute.
+		bot.last_cron = os.date('%M')
+		utilities.save_data(bot.info.username..'.db', bot.database) -- Save the database.
+		for i,v in ipairs(bot.plugins) do
 			if v.cron then -- Call each plugin's cron function, if it has one.
 				local res, err = pcall(function() v.cron() end)
 				if not res then
-					handle_exception(err, 'CRON: ' .. i)
+					utilities.handle_exception(bot, err, 'CRON: ' .. i)
 				end
 			end
 		end
@@ -141,5 +147,5 @@ while is_started do -- Start a loop while the bot should be running.
 end
 
  -- Save the database before exiting.
-save_data(bot.username..'.db', database)
+utilities.save_data(bot.info.username..'.db', bot.database)
 print('Halted.')
diff --git a/plugins/about.lua b/plugins/about.lua
index f57dc28..f64ac50 100755
--- a/plugins/about.lua
+++ b/plugins/about.lua
@@ -1,26 +1,30 @@
-local command = 'about'
-local doc = '`Returns information about the bot.`'
+local about = {}
 
-local triggers = {
+local bindings = require('bindings')
+
+about.command = 'about'
+about.doc = '`Returns information about the bot.`'
+
+about.triggers = {
 	''
 }
 
-local action = function(msg)
+function about:action(msg)
 
 	-- Filthy hack, but here is where we'll stop forwarded messages from hitting
 	-- other plugins.
 	if msg.forward_from then return end
 
-	local message = config.about_text .. '\nBased on @otouto v'..version..' by topkecleon.'
+	local message = self.config.about_text .. '\nBased on @otouto v'..self.version..' by topkecleon.'
 
-	if msg.new_chat_participant and msg.new_chat_participant.id == bot.id then
-		sendMessage(msg.chat.id, message, true)
+	if msg.new_chat_participant and msg.new_chat_participant.id == self.info.id then
+		bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, message, true)
 		return
-	elseif msg.text_lower:match('^/about[@'..bot.username..']*') then
-		sendMessage(msg.chat.id, message, true)
+	elseif msg.text_lower:match('^/about[@'..self.info.username..']*') then
+		bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, message, true)
 		return
 	elseif msg.text_lower:match('^/start') then
-		sendMessage(msg.chat.id, message, true)
+		bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, message, true)
 		return
 	end
 
@@ -28,9 +32,4 @@ local action = function(msg)
 
 end
 
-return {
-	action = action,
-	triggers = triggers,
-	doc = doc,
-	command = command
-}
+return about
diff --git a/plugins/administration.lua b/plugins/administration.lua
index a92bf9e..3d56316 100644
--- a/plugins/administration.lua
+++ b/plugins/administration.lua
@@ -25,45 +25,56 @@
 
 ]]--
 
- -- Build the administration db if nonexistent.
-if not database.administration then
-	database.administration = {
-		admins = {},
-		groups = {},
-		activity = {}
-	}
-end
+local JSON = require('cjson')
+local drua = dofile('drua-tg/drua-tg.lua')
+local bindings = require('bindings')
+local utilities = require('utilities')
 
-admin_temp = {
-	help = {},
-	flood = {}
-}
+local administration = {}
 
- -- Migration code: Remove this in v1.8.
- -- Most recent group activity is now cached for group listings.
-if not database.administration.activity then
-	database.administration.activity = {}
-	for k,v in pairs(database.administration.groups) do
-		table.insert(database.administration.activity, k)
+function administration:init()
+	-- Build the administration db if nonexistent.
+	if not self.database.administration then
+		self.database.administration = {
+			admins = {},
+			groups = {},
+			activity = {}
+		}
 	end
-end
 
- -- Migration code: Remove this in v1.9.
- -- Groups have single governors now.
-for k,v in pairs(database.administration.groups) do
-	if v.govs and table_size(v.govs) > 0 then
-		for key, val in pairs(v.govs) do
-			v.governor = key
-			break
+	self.admin_temp = {
+		help = {},
+		flood = {}
+	}
+
+	-- Migration code: Remove this in v1.8.
+	-- Most recent group activity is now cached for group listings.
+	if not self.database.administration.activity then
+		self.database.administration.activity = {}
+		for k,_ in pairs(self.database.administration.groups) do
+			table.insert(self.database.administration.activity, k)
 		end
 	end
-	v.govs = nil
+
+	-- Migration code: Remove this in v1.9.
+	-- Groups have single governors now.
+	for _,group in pairs(self.database.administration.groups) do
+		if group.govs then
+			for gov, _ in pairs(group.govs) do
+				group.governor = gov
+				break
+			end
+		end
+		group.govs = nil
+	end
+
+	drua.PORT = self.config.cli_port or 4567
+
+	administration.init_command(self)
+
 end
 
-drua = dofile('drua-tg/drua-tg.lua')
-drua.PORT = config.cli_port or 4567
-
-local flags = {
+administration.flags = {
 	[1] = {
 		name = 'unlisted',
 		desc = 'Removes this group from the group listing.',
@@ -104,7 +115,7 @@ local flags = {
 	}
 }
 
-local antiflood = {
+administration.antiflood = {
 	text = 5,
 	voice = 5,
 	audio = 5,
@@ -116,7 +127,7 @@ local antiflood = {
 	sticker = 20
 }
 
-local ranks = {
+administration.ranks = {
 	[0] = 'Banned',
 	[1] = 'Users',
 	[2] = 'Moderators',
@@ -125,32 +136,32 @@ local ranks = {
 	[5] = 'Owner'
 }
 
-local get_rank = function(target, chat)
+function administration:get_rank(target, chat)
 
 	target = tostring(target)
 	if chat then
 		chat = tostring(chat)
 	end
 
-	if tonumber(target) == config.admin or tonumber(target) == bot.id then
+	if tonumber(target) == self.config.admin or tonumber(target) == self.info.id then
 		return 5
 	end
 
-	if database.administration.admins[target] then
+	if self.database.administration.admins[target] then
 		return 4
 	end
 
-	if chat and database.administration.groups[chat] then
-		if database.administration.groups[chat].governor == tonumber(target) then
+	if chat and self.database.administration.groups[chat] then
+		if self.database.administration.groups[chat].governor == tonumber(target) then
 			return 3
-		elseif database.administration.groups[chat].mods[target] then
+		elseif self.database.administration.groups[chat].mods[target] then
 			return 2
-		elseif database.administration.groups[chat].bans[target] then
+		elseif self.database.administration.groups[chat].bans[target] then
 			return 0
 		end
 	end
 
-	if database.blacklist[target] then
+	if self.database.blacklist[target] then
 		return 0
 	end
 
@@ -158,28 +169,28 @@ local get_rank = function(target, chat)
 
 end
 
-local get_target = function(msg)
+function administration:get_target(msg)
 
-	local target = user_from_message(msg)
+	local target = utilities.user_from_message(self, msg)
 	if target.id then
-		target.rank = get_rank(target.id, msg.chat.id)
+		target.rank = administration.get_rank(self, target.id, msg.chat.id)
 	end
 	return target
 
 end
 
-local mod_format = function(id)
+function administration:mod_format(id)
 	id = tostring(id)
-	local user = database.users[id] or { first_name = 'Unknown' }
-	local name = build_name(user.first_name, user.last_name)
-	name = markdown_escape(name)
+	local user = self.database.users[id] or { first_name = 'Unknown' }
+	local name = utilities.build_name(user.first_name, user.last_name)
+	name = utilities.markdown_escape(name)
 	local output = '• ' .. name .. ' `[' .. id .. ']`\n'
 	return output
 end
 
-local get_desc = function(chat_id)
+function administration:get_desc(chat_id)
 
-	local group = database.administration.groups[tostring(chat_id)]
+	local group = self.database.administration.groups[tostring(chat_id)]
 	local t = {}
 	if group.link then
 		table.insert(t, '*Welcome to* [' .. group.name .. '](' .. group.link .. ')*!*')
@@ -197,22 +208,22 @@ local get_desc = function(chat_id)
 		table.insert(t, rulelist:trim())
 	end
 	local flaglist = ''
-	for i = 1, #flags do
+	for i = 1, #administration.flags do
 		if group.flags[i] then
-			flaglist = flaglist .. '• ' .. flags[i].short .. '\n'
+			flaglist = flaglist .. '• ' .. administration.flags[i].short .. '\n'
 		end
 	end
 	if flaglist ~= '' then
 		table.insert(t, '*Flags:*\n' .. flaglist:trim())
 	end
 	if group.governor then
-		local gov = database.users[tostring(group.governor)]
-		local s = build_name(gov.first_name, gov.last_name):md_escape() .. ' `[' .. gov.id .. ']`'
+		local gov = self.database.users[tostring(group.governor)]
+		local s = utilities.md_escape(utilities.build_name(gov.first_name, gov.last_name)) .. ' `[' .. gov.id .. ']`'
 		table.insert(t, '*Governor:* ' .. s)
 	end
 	local modstring = ''
-	for k,v in pairs(group.mods) do
-		modstring = modstring .. mod_format(k)
+	for k,_ in pairs(group.mods) do
+		modstring = modstring .. administration.mod_format(self, k)
 	end
 	if modstring ~= '' then
 		table.insert(t, '*Moderators:*\n' .. modstring:trim())
@@ -221,962 +232,896 @@ local get_desc = function(chat_id)
 
 end
 
-update_desc = function(chat)
-	local group = database.administration.groups[tostring(chat)]
+function administration:update_desc(chat)
+	local group = self.database.administration.groups[tostring(chat)]
 	local desc = 'Welcome to ' .. group.name .. '!\n'
 	if group.motd then desc = desc .. group.motd .. '\n' end
 	if group.governor then
-		local gov = database.users[tostring(group.governor)]
-		desc = desc .. '\nGovernor: ' .. build_name(gov.first_name, gov.last_name) .. ' [' .. gov.id .. ']\n'
+		local gov = self.database.users[tostring(group.governor)]
+		desc = desc .. '\nGovernor: ' .. utilities.build_name(gov.first_name, gov.last_name) .. ' [' .. gov.id .. ']\n'
 	end
-	local s = '\n/desc@' .. bot.username .. ' for more information.'
+	local s = '\n/desc@' .. self.info.username .. ' for more information.'
 	desc = desc:sub(1, 250-s:len()) .. s
 	drua.channel_set_about(chat, desc)
 end
 
-local commands = {
+function administration.init_command(self_)
+	administration.commands = {
 
-	{ -- antisquig
-		triggers = {
-			'[\216-\219][\128-\191]', -- arabic
-			'‮', -- rtl
-			'‏', -- other rtl
+		{ -- antisquig
+			triggers = {
+				'[\216-\219][\128-\191]', -- arabic
+				'‮', -- rtl
+				'‏', -- other rtl
+			},
+
+			privilege = 0,
+			interior = true,
+
+			action = function(self, msg, group)
+				if administration.get_rank(self, msg.from.id, msg.chat.id) > 1 then
+					return true
+				end
+				if not group.flags[2] then
+					return true
+				end
+				drua.kick_user(msg.chat.id, msg.from.id)
+				local output = administration.flags[2].kicked:gsub('GROUPNAME', msg.chat.title)
+				bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.from.id, output)
+			end
 		},
 
-		privilege = 0,
-		interior = true,
+		{ -- generic
+			triggers = { '' },
 
-		action = function(msg, group)
-			if get_rank(msg.from.id, msg.chat.id) > 1 then
-				return true
-			end
-			if not group.flags[2] then
-				return true
-			end
-			drua.kick_user(msg.chat.id, msg.from.id)
-			local output = flags[2].kicked:gsub('GROUPNAME', msg.chat.title)
-			sendMessage(msg.from.id, output)
-		end
-	},
+			privilege = 0,
+			interior = true,
 
-	{ -- generic
-		triggers = { '' },
+			action = function(self, msg, group)
 
-		privilege = 0,
-		interior = true,
-
-		action = function(msg, group)
-
-			local rank = get_rank(msg.from.id, msg.chat.id)
-
-			-- banned
-			if rank == 0 then
-				drua.kick_user(msg.chat.id, msg.from.id)
-				sendMessage(msg.from.id, 'Sorry, you are banned from ' .. msg.chat.title .. '.')
-				return
-			end
-
-			if rank < 2 then
-
-				-- antisquig Strict
-				if group.flags[3] == true then
-					if msg.from.name:match('[\216-\219][\128-\191]') or msg.from.name:match('‮') or msg.from.name:match('‏') then
-						drua.kick_user(msg.chat.id, msg.from.id)
-						local output = flags[3].kicked:gsub('GROUPNAME', msg.chat.title)
-						sendMessage(msg.from.id, output)
-						return
-					end
-				end
-
-				-- antiflood
-				if group.flags[5] == true then
-					if not group.antiflood then
-						group.antiflood = JSON.decode(JSON.encode(antiflood))
-					end
-					if not admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str] then
-						admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str] = {}
-					end
-					if not admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] then
-						admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] = 0
-					end
-					if msg.sticker then -- Thanks Brazil for discarding switches.
-						admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] = admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] + group.antiflood.sticker
-					elseif msg.photo then
-						admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] = admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] + group.antiflood.photo
-					elseif msg.document then
-						admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] = admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] + group.antiflood.document
-					elseif msg.audio then
-						admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] = admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] + group.antiflood.audio
-					elseif msg.contact then
-						admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] = admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] + group.antiflood.contact
-					elseif msg.video then
-						admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] = admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] + group.antiflood.video
-					elseif msg.location then
-						admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] = admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] + group.antiflood.location
-					elseif msg.voice then
-						admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] = admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] + group.antiflood.voice
-					else
-						admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] = admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] + group.antiflood.text
-					end
-					if admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] > 99 then
-						drua.kick_user(msg.chat.id, msg.from.id)
-						local output = flags[5].kicked:gsub('GROUPNAME', msg.chat.title)
-						sendMessage(msg.from.id, output)
-						admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] = nil
-						return
-					end
-				end
-
-			end
-
-			if msg.new_chat_participant then
-
-				msg.new_chat_participant.name = build_name(msg.new_chat_participant.first_name, msg.new_chat_participant.last_name)
+				local rank = administration.get_rank(self, msg.from.id, msg.chat.id)
 
 				-- banned
-				if get_rank(msg.new_chat_participant.id, msg.chat.id) == 0 then
-					drua.kick_user(msg.chat.id, msg.new_chat_participant.id)
-					sendMessage(msg.new_chat_participant.id, 'Sorry, you are banned from ' .. msg.chat.title .. '.')
+				if rank == 0 then
+					drua.kick_user(msg.chat.id, msg.from.id)
+					bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.from.id, 'Sorry, you are banned from ' .. msg.chat.title .. '.')
 					return
 				end
 
-				-- antisquig Strict
-				if group.flags[3] == true then
-					if msg.new_chat_participant.name:match('[\216-\219][\128-\191]') or msg.new_chat_participant.name:match('‮') or msg.new_chat_participant.name:match('‏') then
+				if rank < 2 then
+
+					-- antisquig Strict
+					if group.flags[3] == true then
+						if msg.from.name:match('[\216-\219][\128-\191]') or msg.from.name:match('‮') or msg.from.name:match('‏') then
+							drua.kick_user(msg.chat.id, msg.from.id)
+							local output = administration.flags[3].kicked:gsub('GROUPNAME', msg.chat.title)
+							bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.from.id, output)
+							return
+						end
+					end
+
+					-- antiflood
+					if group.flags[5] == true then
+						if not group.antiflood then
+							group.antiflood = JSON.decode(JSON.encode(administration.antiflood))
+						end
+						if not self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str] then
+							self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str] = {}
+						end
+						if not self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] then
+							self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] = 0
+						end
+						if msg.sticker then -- Thanks Brazil for discarding switches.
+							self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] = self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] + group.antiflood.sticker
+						elseif msg.photo then
+							self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] = self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] + group.antiflood.photo
+						elseif msg.document then
+							self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] = self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] + group.antiflood.document
+						elseif msg.audio then
+							self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] = self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] + group.antiflood.audio
+						elseif msg.contact then
+							self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] = self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] + group.antiflood.contact
+						elseif msg.video then
+							self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] = self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] + group.antiflood.video
+						elseif msg.location then
+							self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] = self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] + group.antiflood.location
+						elseif msg.voice then
+							self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] = self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] + group.antiflood.voice
+						else
+							self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] = self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] + group.antiflood.text
+						end
+						if self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] > 99 then
+							drua.kick_user(msg.chat.id, msg.from.id)
+							local output = administration.flags[5].kicked:gsub('GROUPNAME', msg.chat.title)
+							bindings.sendMessage(msg.from.id, output)
+							self.admin_temp.flood[msg.chat.id_str][msg.from.id_str] = nil
+							return
+						end
+					end
+
+				end
+
+				if msg.new_chat_participant then
+
+					msg.new_chat_participant.name = utilities.build_name(msg.new_chat_participant.first_name, msg.new_chat_participant.last_name)
+
+					-- banned
+					if administration.get_rank(self, msg.new_chat_participant.id, msg.chat.id) == 0 then
 						drua.kick_user(msg.chat.id, msg.new_chat_participant.id)
-						local output = flags[3].kicked:gsub('GROUPNAME', msg.chat.title)
-						sendMessage(msg.new_chat_participant.id, output)
+						bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.new_chat_participant.id, 'Sorry, you are banned from ' .. msg.chat.title .. '.')
 						return
 					end
-				end
 
-				-- antibot
-				if msg.new_chat_participant.username and msg.new_chat_participant.username:match('bot$') then
-					if rank < 2 and group.flags[4] == true then
-						drua.kick_user(msg.chat.id, msg.new_chat_participant.id)
+					-- antisquig Strict
+					if group.flags[3] == true then
+						if msg.new_chat_participant.name:match('[\216-\219][\128-\191]') or msg.new_chat_participant.name:match('‮') or msg.new_chat_participant.name:match('‏') then
+							drua.kick_user(msg.chat.id, msg.new_chat_participant.id)
+							local output = administration.flags[3].kicked:gsub('GROUPNAME', msg.chat.title)
+							bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.new_chat_participant.id, output)
+							return
+						end
+					end
+
+					-- antibot
+					if msg.new_chat_participant.username and msg.new_chat_participant.username:match('bot$') then
+						if rank < 2 and group.flags[4] == true then
+							drua.kick_user(msg.chat.id, msg.new_chat_participant.id)
+							return
+						end
+					else
+						local output = administration.get_desc(self, msg.chat.id)
+						bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.new_chat_participant.id, output, true, nil, true)
 						return
 					end
-				else
-					local output = get_desc(msg.chat.id)
-					sendMessage(msg.new_chat_participant.id, output, true, nil, true)
-					return
-				end
 
-			elseif msg.new_chat_title then
+				elseif msg.new_chat_title then
 
-				if rank < 3 then
-					drua.rename_chat(msg.chat.id, group.name)
-				else
-					group.name = msg.new_chat_title
-					if group.grouptype == 'supergroup' then
-						update_desc(msg.chat.id)
-					end
-				end
-				return
-
-			elseif msg.new_chat_photo then
-
-				if group.grouptype == 'group' then
 					if rank < 3 then
-						drua.set_photo(msg.chat.id, group.photo)
+						drua.rename_chat(msg.chat.id, group.name)
+					else
+						group.name = msg.new_chat_title
+						if group.grouptype == 'supergroup' then
+							administration.update_desc(msg.chat.id)
+						end
+					end
+					return
+
+				elseif msg.new_chat_photo then
+
+					if group.grouptype == 'group' then
+						if rank < 3 then
+							drua.set_photo(msg.chat.id, group.photo)
+						else
+							group.photo = drua.get_photo(msg.chat.id)
+						end
 					else
 						group.photo = drua.get_photo(msg.chat.id)
 					end
-				else
-					group.photo = drua.get_photo(msg.chat.id)
-				end
-				return
+					return
 
-			elseif msg.delete_chat_photo then
+				elseif msg.delete_chat_photo then
 
-				if group.grouptype == 'group' then
-					if rank < 3 then
-						drua.set_photo(msg.chat.id, group.photo)
+					if group.grouptype == 'group' then
+						if rank < 3 then
+							drua.set_photo(msg.chat.id, group.photo)
+						else
+							group.photo = nil
+						end
 					else
 						group.photo = nil
 					end
-				else
-					group.photo = nil
-				end
-				return
-
-			end
-
-			-- Last active time for group listing.
-			for i,v in pairs(database.administration.activity) do
-				if v == msg.chat.id_str then
-					table.remove(database.administration.activity, i)
-					table.insert(database.administration.activity, 1, msg.chat.id_str)
-				end
-			end
-
-			return true
-
-		end
-	},
-
-	{ -- groups
-		triggers = {
-			'^/groups$',
-			'^/groups@'..bot.username
-		},
-
-		command = 'groups',
-		privilege = 1,
-		interior = false,
-
-		action = function(msg)
-			local output = ''
-			for i,v in ipairs(database.administration.activity) do
-				local group = database.administration.groups[v]
-				if not group.flags[1] then -- no unlisted groups
-					if group.link then
-						output = output ..  '• [' .. group.name .. '](' .. group.link .. ')\n'
-					else
-						output = output ..  '• ' .. group.name .. '\n'
-					end
-				end
-			end
-			if output == '' then
-				output = 'There are currently no listed groups.'
-			else
-				output = '*Groups:*\n' .. output
-			end
-			sendMessage(msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
-		end
-	},
-
-	{ -- ahelp
-		triggers = {
-			'^/ahelp$',
-			'^/ahelp@'..bot.username
-		},
-
-		command = 'ahelp',
-		privilege = 1,
-		interior = false,
-
-		action = function(msg)
-			local rank = get_rank(msg.from.id, msg.chat.id)
-			local output = '*Commands for ' .. ranks[rank] .. ':*\n'
-			for i = 1, rank do
-				for ind, val in ipairs(admin_temp.help[i]) do
-					output = output .. '• /' .. val .. '\n'
-				end
-			end
-			if sendMessage(msg.from.id, output, true, nil, true) then
-				if msg.from.id ~= msg.chat.id then
-					sendReply(msg, 'I have sent you the requested information in a private message.')
-				end
-			else
-				sendMessage(msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
-			end
-		end
-	},
-
-	{ -- alist
-		triggers = {
-			'^/ops$',
-			'^/ops@'..bot.username,
-			'^/oplist$',
-			'^/oplist@'..bot.username
-		},
-
-		command = 'ops',
-		privilege = 1,
-		interior = true,
-
-		action = function(msg, group)
-			local modstring = ''
-			for k,v in pairs(group.mods) do
-				modstring = modstring .. mod_format(k)
-			end
-			if modstring ~= '' then
-				modstring = '*Moderators for* _' .. msg.chat.title .. '_ *:*\n' .. modstring
-			end
-			local govstring = ''
-			if group.governor then
-				local gov = database.users[tostring(group.governor)]
-				govstring = '*Governor:* ' .. build_name(gov.first_name, gov.last_name):md_escape() .. ' `[' .. gov.id .. ']`'
-			end
-			local output = modstring:trim() ..'\n\n' .. govstring:trim()
-			if output == '\n\n' then
-				output = 'There are currently no moderators for this group.'
-			end
-			sendMessage(msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
-		end
-
-	},
-
-	{ -- desc
-		triggers = {
-			'^/desc[ription]*$',
-			'^/desc[ription]*@'..bot.username
-		},
-
-		command = 'description',
-		privilege = 1,
-		interior = true,
-
-		action = function(msg)
-			local output = get_desc(msg.chat.id)
-			if sendMessage(msg.from.id, output, true, nil, true) then
-				if msg.from.id ~= msg.chat.id then
-					sendReply(msg, 'I have sent you the requested information in a private message.')
-				end
-			else
-				sendMessage(msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
-			end
-		end
-	},
-
-	{ -- rules
-		triggers = {
-			'^/rules?',
-			'^/rules?@'..bot.username
-		},
-
-		command = 'rules',
-		privilege = 1,
-		interior = true,
-
-		action = function(msg, group)
-			local output
-			local input = get_word(msg.text_lower, 2)
-			input = tonumber(input)
-			if #group.rules > 0 then
-				if input and group.rules[input] then
-					output = '*' .. input .. '.* ' .. group.rules[input]
-				else
-					output = '*Rules for* _' .. msg.chat.title .. '_ *:*\n'
-					for i,v in ipairs(group.rules) do
-						output = output .. '*' .. i .. '.* ' .. v .. '\n'
-					end
-				end
-			else
-				output = 'No rules have been set for ' .. msg.chat.title .. '.'
-			end
-			sendMessage(msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
-		end
-	},
-
-	{ -- motd
-		triggers = {
-			'^/motd$',
-			'^/motd@'..bot.username
-		},
-
-		command = 'motd',
-		privilege = 1,
-		interior = true,
-
-		action = function(msg, group)
-			local output = 'No MOTD has been set for ' .. msg.chat.title .. '.'
-			if group.motd then
-				output = '*MOTD for* _' .. msg.chat.title .. '_ *:*\n' .. group.motd
-			end
-			sendMessage(msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
-		end
-	},
-
-	{ -- link
-		triggers = {
-			'^/link$',
-			'^/link@'..bot.username
-		},
-
-		command = 'link',
-		privilege = 1,
-		interior = true,
-
-		action = function(msg, group)
-			local output = 'No link has been set for ' .. msg.chat.title .. '.'
-			if group.link then
-				output = '[' .. msg.chat.title .. '](' .. group.link .. ')'
-			end
-			sendMessage(msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
-		end
-	},
-
-	{ -- kick
-		triggers = {
-			'^/kick[@'..bot.username..']*'
-		},
-
-		command = 'kick <user>',
-		privilege = 2,
-		interior = true,
-
-		action = function(msg)
-			local target = get_target(msg)
-			if target.err then
-				sendReply(msg, target.err)
-				return
-			elseif target.rank > 1 then
-				sendReply(msg, target.name .. ' is too privileged to be kicked.')
-				return
-			end
-			drua.kick_user(msg.chat.id, target.id)
-			sendMessage(msg.chat.id, target.name .. ' has been kicked.')
-		end
-	},
-
-	{ -- ban
-		triggers = {
-			'^/ban',
-			'^/unban'
-		},
-
-		command = 'ban <user>',
-		privilege = 2,
-		interior = true,
-
-		action = function(msg, group)
-			local target = get_target(msg)
-			if target.err then
-				sendReply(msg, target.err)
-				return
-			end
-			if target.rank > 1 then
-				sendReply(msg, target.name .. ' is too privileged to be banned.')
-				return
-			end
-			if group.bans[target.id_str] then
-				group.bans[target.id_str] = nil
-				sendReply(msg, target.name .. ' has been unbanned.')
-			else
-				group.bans[target.id_str] = true
-				drua.kick_user(msg.chat.id, target.id)
-				sendReply(msg, target.name .. ' has been banned.')
-			end
-		end
-	},
-
-	{ -- changerule
-		triggers = {
-			'^/changerule',
-			'^/changerule@' .. bot.username
-		},
-
-		command = 'changerule <i> <rule>',
-		privilege = 3,
-		interior = true,
-
-		action = function(msg, group)
-			local usage = 'usage: `/changerule <i> <newrule>`\n`/changerule <i> -- `deletes.'
-			local input = msg.text:input()
-			if not input then
-				sendMessage(msg.chat.id, usage, true, msg.message_id, true)
-				return
-			end
-			local rule_num = input:match('^%d+')
-			if not rule_num then
-				local output = 'Please specify which rule you want to change.\n' .. usage
-				sendMessage(msg.chat.id, output, true, msg.message_id, true)
-				return
-			end
-			rule_num = tonumber(rule_num)
-			local rule_new = input:input()
-			if not rule_new then
-				local output = 'Please specify the new rule.\n' .. usage
-				sendMessage(msg.chat.id, output, true, msg.message_id, true)
-				return
-			end
-			if not group.rules then
-				local output = 'Sorry, there are no rules to change. Please use /setrules.\n' .. usage
-				sendMessage(msg.chat.id, output, true, msg.message_id, true)
-				return
-			end
-			if not group.rules[rule_num] then
-				rule_num = #group.rules + 1
-			end
-			if rule_new == '--' or rule_new == '—' then
-				if group.rules[rule_num] then
-					table.remove(group.rules, rule_num)
-					sendReply(msg, 'That rule has been deleted.')
-				else
-					sendReply(msg, 'There is no rule with that number.')
-				end
-				return
-			end
-			group.rules[rule_num] = rule_new
-			local output = '*' .. rule_num .. '*. ' .. rule_new
-			sendMessage(msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
-		end
-	},
-
-	{ -- setrules
-		triggers = {
-			'^/setrules[@'..bot.username..']*'
-		},
-
-		command = 'setrules <rules>',
-		privilege = 3,
-		interior = true,
-
-		action = function(msg, group)
-			local input = msg.text:match('^/setrules[@'..bot.username..']*(.+)')
-			if not input then
-				sendMessage(msg.chat.id, '```\n/setrules [rule]\n<rule>\n[rule]\n...\n```', true, msg.message_id, true)
-				return
-			elseif input == ' --' or input == ' —' then
-				group.rules = {}
-				sendReply(msg, 'The rules have been cleared.')
-				return
-			end
-			group.rules = {}
-			input = input:trim() .. '\n'
-			local output = '*Rules for* _' .. msg.chat.title .. '_ *:*\n'
-			local i = 1
-			for l in input:gmatch('(.-)\n') do
-				output = output .. '*' .. i .. '.* ' .. l .. '\n'
-				i = i + 1
-				table.insert(group.rules, l:trim())
-			end
-			sendMessage(msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
-		end
-	},
-
-	{ -- setmotd
-		triggers = {
-			'^/setmotd[@'..bot.username..']*'
-		},
-
-		command = 'setmotd <motd>',
-		privilege = 3,
-		interior = true,
-
-		action = function(msg, group)
-			local input = msg.text:input()
-			if not input then
-				if msg.reply_to_message and msg.reply_to_message.text then
-					input = msg.reply_to_message.text
-				else
-					sendReply(msg, 'Please specify the new message of the day.')
 					return
+
+				end
+
+				-- Last active time for group listing.
+				for i,v in pairs(self.database.administration.activity) do
+					if v == msg.chat.id_str then
+						table.remove(self.database.administration.activity, i)
+						table.insert(self.database.administration.activity, 1, msg.chat.id_str)
+					end
+				end
+
+				return true
+
+			end
+		},
+
+		{ -- groups
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('groups').table,
+
+			command = 'groups',
+			privilege = 1,
+			interior = false,
+
+			action = function(self, msg)
+				local output = ''
+				for _,v in ipairs(self.database.administration.activity) do
+					local group = self.database.administration.groups[v]
+					if not group.flags[1] then -- no unlisted groups
+						if group.link then
+							output = output ..  '• [' .. group.name .. '](' .. group.link .. ')\n'
+						else
+							output = output ..  '• ' .. group.name .. '\n'
+						end
+					end
+				end
+				if output == '' then
+					output = 'There are currently no listed groups.'
+				else
+					output = '*Groups:*\n' .. output
+				end
+				bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
+			end
+		},
+
+		{ -- ahelp
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('ahelp').table,
+
+			command = 'ahelp',
+			privilege = 1,
+			interior = false,
+
+			action = function(self, msg)
+				local rank = administration.get_rank(self, msg.from.id, msg.chat.id)
+				local output = '*Commands for ' .. administration.ranks[rank] .. ':*\n'
+				for i = 1, rank do
+					for _, val in ipairs(self.admin_temp.help[i]) do
+						output = output .. '• /' .. val .. '\n'
+					end
+				end
+				if bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.from.id, output, true, nil, true) then
+					if msg.from.id ~= msg.chat.id then
+						bindings.sendReply(self, msg, 'I have sent you the requested information in a private message.')
+					end
+				else
+					bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
 				end
 			end
-			if input == '--' or input == '—' then
-				group.motd = nil
-				sendReply(msg, 'The MOTD has been cleared.')
-			else
-				input = input:trim()
-				group.motd = input
-				local output = '*MOTD for* _' .. msg.chat.title .. '_ *:*\n' .. input
-				sendMessage(msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
-			end
-			if group.grouptype == 'supergroup' then
-				update_desc(msg.chat.id)
-			end
-		end
-	},
-
-	{ -- setlink
-		triggers = {
-			'^/setlink[@'..bot.username..']*'
 		},
 
-		command = 'setlink <link>',
-		privilege = 3,
-		interior = true,
+		{ -- alist
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('ops'):t('oplist').table,
 
-		action = function(msg, group)
-			local input = msg.text:input()
-			if not input then
-				sendReply(msg, 'Please specify the new link.')
-				return
-			elseif input == '--' or input == '—' then
-				group.link = drua.export_link(msg.chat.id)
-				sendReply(msg, 'The link has been regenerated.')
-				return
+			command = 'ops',
+			privilege = 1,
+			interior = true,
+
+			action = function(self, msg, group)
+				local modstring = ''
+				for k,_ in pairs(group.mods) do
+					modstring = modstring .. administration.mod_format(self, k)
+				end
+				if modstring ~= '' then
+					modstring = '*Moderators for* _' .. msg.chat.title .. '_ *:*\n' .. modstring
+				end
+				local govstring = ''
+				if group.governor then
+					local gov = self.database.users[tostring(group.governor)]
+					govstring = '*Governor:* ' .. utilities.md_escape(utilities.build_name(gov.first_name, gov.last_name)) .. ' `[' .. gov.id .. ']`'
+				end
+				local output = modstring:trim() ..'\n\n' .. govstring:trim()
+				if output == '\n\n' then
+					output = 'There are currently no moderators for this group.'
+				end
+				bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
 			end
-			group.link = input
-			local output = '[' .. msg.chat.title .. '](' .. input .. ')'
-			sendMessage(msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
-		end
-	},
 
-	{ -- alist
-		triggers = {
-			'^/alist$',
-			'^/alist@'..bot.username
 		},
 
-		command = 'alist',
-		privilege = 3,
-		interior = true,
+		{ -- desc
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('desc'):t('description').table,
 
-		action = function(msg)
-			local output = '*Administrators:*\n'
-			output = output .. mod_format(config.admin):gsub('\n', ' ★\n')
-			for k,v in pairs(database.administration.admins) do
-				output = output .. mod_format(k)
+			command = 'description',
+			privilege = 1,
+			interior = true,
+
+			action = function(self, msg)
+				local output = administration.get_desc(self, msg.chat.id)
+				if bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.from.id, output, true, nil, true) then
+					if msg.from.id ~= msg.chat.id then
+						bindings.sendReply(self, msg, 'I have sent you the requested information in a private message.')
+					end
+				else
+					bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
+				end
 			end
-			sendMessage(msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
-		end
-	},
-
-	{ -- flags
-		triggers = {
-			'^/flags?'
 		},
 
-		command = 'flag <i>',
-		privilege = 3,
-		interior = true,
+		{ -- rules
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('rules?', true).table,
 
-		action = function(msg, group)
-			local input = msg.text:input()
-			if input then
-				input = get_word(input, 1)
+			command = 'rules',
+			privilege = 1,
+			interior = true,
+
+			action = function(self, msg, group)
+				local output
+				local input = utilities.get_word(msg.text_lower, 2)
 				input = tonumber(input)
-				if not input or not flags[input] then input = false end
-			end
-			if not input then
-				local output = '*Flags for* _' .. msg.chat.title .. '_ *:*\n'
-				for i,v in ipairs(flags) do
-					local status = group.flags[i] or false
-					output = output .. '`[' .. i .. ']` *' .. v.name .. '*` = ' .. tostring(status) .. '`\n• ' .. v.desc .. '\n'
-				end
-				sendMessage(msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
-				return
-			end
-			local output
-			if group.flags[input] == true then
-				group.flags[input] = false
-				sendReply(msg, flags[input].disabled)
-			else
-				group.flags[input] = true
-				sendReply(msg, flags[input].enabled)
-			end
-		end
-	},
-
-	{ -- antiflood
-		triggers = {
-			'^/antiflood'
-		},
-
-		command = 'antiflood <type> <i>',
-		privilege = 3,
-		interior = true,
-
-		action = function(msg, group)
-			if not group.flags[5] then
-				sendMessage(msg.chat.id, 'antiflood is not enabled. Use `/flag 5` to enable it.', true, nil, true)
-				return
-			end
-			if not group.antiflood then
-				group.antiflood = JSON.decode(JSON.encode(antiflood))
-			end
-			local input = msg.text_lower:input()
-			local output
-			if input then
-				local key, val = input:match('(%a+) (%d+)')
-				if not group.antiflood[key] or not tonumber(val) then
-					output = 'Not a valid message type or number.'
+				if #group.rules > 0 then
+					if input and group.rules[input] then
+						output = '*' .. input .. '.* ' .. group.rules[input]
+					else
+						output = '*Rules for* _' .. msg.chat.title .. '_ *:*\n'
+						for i,v in ipairs(group.rules) do
+							output = output .. '*' .. i .. '.* ' .. v .. '\n'
+						end
+					end
 				else
-					group.antiflood[key] = val
-					output = '*' .. key:gsub('^%l', string.upper) .. '* messages are now worth *' .. val .. '* points.'
-				end
-			else
-				output = 'usage: `/antiflood <type> <i>`\nexample: `/antiflood text 5`\nUse this command to configure the point values for each message type. When a user reaches 100 points, he is kicked. The points are reset each minute. The current values are:\n'
-				for k,v in pairs(group.antiflood) do
-					output = output .. '*'..k..':* `'..v..'`\n'
+					output = 'No rules have been set for ' .. msg.chat.title .. '.'
 				end
+				bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
 			end
-			sendMessage(msg.chat.id, output, true, msg.message_id, true)
-		end
-	},
-
-	{ -- mod
-		triggers = {
-			'^/mod',
-			'^/demod'
 		},
 
-		command = 'mod <user>',
-		privilege = 3,
-		interior = true,
+		{ -- motd
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('motd').table,
 
-		action = function(msg, group)
-			local target = get_target(msg)
-			if target.err then
-				sendReply(msg, target.err)
-				return
-			end
-			if group.mods[target.id_str] then
-				if group.grouptype == 'supergroup' then
-					drua.channel_set_admin(msg.chat.id, target.id, 0)
+			command = 'motd',
+			privilege = 1,
+			interior = true,
+
+			action = function(self, msg, group)
+				local output = 'No MOTD has been set for ' .. msg.chat.title .. '.'
+				if group.motd then
+					output = '*MOTD for* _' .. msg.chat.title .. '_ *:*\n' .. group.motd
 				end
-				group.mods[target.id_str] = nil
-				sendReply(msg, target.name .. ' is no longer a moderator.')
-			else
-				if target.rank > 2 then
-					sendReply(msg, target.name .. ' is greater than a moderator.')
+				bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
+			end
+		},
+
+		{ -- link
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('link').table,
+
+			command = 'link',
+			privilege = 1,
+			interior = true,
+
+			action = function(self, msg, group)
+				local output = 'No link has been set for ' .. msg.chat.title .. '.'
+				if group.link then
+					output = '[' .. msg.chat.title .. '](' .. group.link .. ')'
+				end
+				bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
+			end
+		},
+
+		{ -- kick
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('kick', true).table,
+
+			command = 'kick <user>',
+			privilege = 2,
+			interior = true,
+
+			action = function(self, msg)
+				local target = administration.get_target(self, msg)
+				if target.err then
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.err)
+					return
+				elseif target.rank > 1 then
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.name .. ' is too privileged to be kicked.')
 					return
 				end
-				if group.grouptype == 'supergroup' then
-					drua.channel_set_admin(msg.chat.id, target.id, 2)
-				end
-				group.mods[target.id_str] = true
-				sendReply(msg, target.name .. ' is now a moderator.')
+				drua.kick_user(msg.chat.id, target.id)
+				bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, target.name .. ' has been kicked.')
 			end
-		end
-	},
-
-	{ -- gov
-		triggers = {
-			'^/gov',
-			'^/degov'
 		},
 
-		command = 'gov <user>',
-		privilege = 4,
-		interior = true,
+		{ -- ban
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('ban', true):t('unban', true).table,
 
-		action = function(msg, group)
-			local target = get_target(msg)
-			if target.err then
-				sendReply(msg, target.err)
-				return
+			command = 'ban <user>',
+			privilege = 2,
+			interior = true,
+
+			action = function(self, msg, group)
+				local target = administration.get_target(self, msg)
+				if target.err then
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.err)
+					return
+				end
+				if target.rank > 1 then
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.name .. ' is too privileged to be banned.')
+					return
+				end
+				if group.bans[target.id_str] then
+					group.bans[target.id_str] = nil
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.name .. ' has been unbanned.')
+				else
+					group.bans[target.id_str] = true
+					drua.kick_user(msg.chat.id, target.id)
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.name .. ' has been banned.')
+				end
 			end
-			if group.governor and group.governor == target.id then
-				if group.grouptype == 'supergroup' then
-					drua.channel_set_admin(msg.chat.id, target.id, 0)
+		},
+
+		{ -- changerule
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('changerule', true).table,
+
+			command = 'changerule <i> <rule>',
+			privilege = 3,
+			interior = true,
+
+			action = function(self, msg, group)
+				local usage = 'usage: `/changerule <i> <newrule>`\n`/changerule <i> -- `deletes.'
+				local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
+				if not input then
+					bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, usage, true, msg.message_id, true)
+					return
 				end
-				group.governor = config.admin
-				sendReply(msg, target.name .. ' is no longer the governor.')
-			else
-				if group.grouptype == 'supergroup' then
-					if group.governor then
-						drua.channel_set_admin(msg.chat.id, group.governor, 0)
+				local rule_num = input:match('^%d+')
+				if not rule_num then
+					local output = 'Please specify which rule you want to change.\n' .. usage
+					bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, output, true, msg.message_id, true)
+					return
+				end
+				rule_num = tonumber(rule_num)
+				local rule_new = utilities.input(input)
+				if not rule_new then
+					local output = 'Please specify the new rule.\n' .. usage
+					bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, output, true, msg.message_id, true)
+					return
+				end
+				if not group.rules then
+					local output = 'Sorry, there are no rules to change. Please use /setrules.\n' .. usage
+					bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, output, true, msg.message_id, true)
+					return
+				end
+				if not group.rules[rule_num] then
+					rule_num = #group.rules + 1
+				end
+				if rule_new == '--' or rule_new == '—' then
+					if group.rules[rule_num] then
+						table.remove(group.rules, rule_num)
+						bindings.sendReply(self, msg, 'That rule has been deleted.')
+					else
+						bindings.sendReply(self, msg, 'There is no rule with that number.')
 					end
-					drua.channel_set_admin(msg.chat.id, target.id, 2)
+					return
 				end
-				if target.rank == 2 then
+				group.rules[rule_num] = rule_new
+				local output = '*' .. rule_num .. '*. ' .. rule_new
+				bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
+			end
+		},
+
+		{ -- setrules
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('setrules', true).table,
+
+			command = 'setrules <rules>',
+			privilege = 3,
+			interior = true,
+
+			action = function(self, msg, group)
+				local input = msg.text:match('^/setrules[@'..self.info.username..']*(.+)')
+				if not input then
+					bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, '```\n/setrules [rule]\n<rule>\n[rule]\n...\n```', true, msg.message_id, true)
+					return
+				elseif input == ' --' or input == ' —' then
+					group.rules = {}
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, 'The rules have been cleared.')
+					return
+				end
+				group.rules = {}
+				input = input:trim() .. '\n'
+				local output = '*Rules for* _' .. msg.chat.title .. '_ *:*\n'
+				local i = 1
+				for l in input:gmatch('(.-)\n') do
+					output = output .. '*' .. i .. '.* ' .. l .. '\n'
+					i = i + 1
+					table.insert(group.rules, l:trim())
+				end
+				bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
+			end
+		},
+
+		{ -- setmotd
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('setmotd', true).table,
+
+			command = 'setmotd <motd>',
+			privilege = 3,
+			interior = true,
+
+			action = function(self, msg, group)
+				local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
+				if not input then
+					if msg.reply_to_message and msg.reply_to_message.text then
+						input = msg.reply_to_message.text
+					else
+						bindings.sendReply(self, msg, 'Please specify the new message of the day.')
+						return
+					end
+				end
+				if input == '--' or input == '—' then
+					group.motd = nil
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, 'The MOTD has been cleared.')
+				else
+					input = input:trim()
+					group.motd = input
+					local output = '*MOTD for* _' .. msg.chat.title .. '_ *:*\n' .. input
+					bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
+				end
+				if group.grouptype == 'supergroup' then
+					administration.update_desc(self, msg.chat.id)
+				end
+			end
+		},
+
+		{ -- setlink
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('setlink', true).table,
+
+			command = 'setlink <link>',
+			privilege = 3,
+			interior = true,
+
+			action = function(self, msg, group)
+				local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
+				if not input then
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, 'Please specify the new link.')
+					return
+				elseif input == '--' or input == '—' then
+					group.link = drua.export_link(msg.chat.id)
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, 'The link has been regenerated.')
+					return
+				end
+				group.link = input
+				local output = '[' .. msg.chat.title .. '](' .. input .. ')'
+				bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
+			end
+		},
+
+		{ -- alist
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('alist').table,
+
+			command = 'alist',
+			privilege = 3,
+			interior = true,
+
+			action = function(self, msg)
+				local output = '*Administrators:*\n'
+				output = output .. administration.mod_format(self, self.config.admin):gsub('\n', ' ★\n')
+				for id,_ in pairs(self.database.administration.admins) do
+					output = output .. administration.mod_format(self, id)
+				end
+				bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
+			end
+		},
+
+		{ -- flags
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('flags?', true).table,
+
+			command = 'flag <i>',
+			privilege = 3,
+			interior = true,
+
+			action = function(self, msg, group)
+				local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
+				if input then
+					input = utilities.get_word(input, 1)
+					input = tonumber(input)
+					if not input or not administration.flags[input] then input = false end
+				end
+				if not input then
+					local output = '*Flags for* _' .. msg.chat.title .. '_ *:*\n'
+					for i,v in ipairs(administration.flags) do
+						local status = group.flags[i] or false
+						output = output .. '`[' .. i .. ']` *' .. v.name .. '*` = ' .. tostring(status) .. '`\n• ' .. v.desc .. '\n'
+					end
+					bindings.sendMessage(msg.chat.id, output, true, nil, true)
+					return
+				end
+				if group.flags[input] == true then
+					group.flags[input] = false
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, administration.flags[input].disabled)
+				else
+					group.flags[input] = true
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, administration.flags[input].enabled)
+				end
+			end
+		},
+
+		{ -- antiflood
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('antiflood', true).table,
+
+			command = 'antiflood <type> <i>',
+			privilege = 3,
+			interior = true,
+
+			action = function(self, msg, group)
+				if not group.flags[5] then
+					bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, 'antiflood is not enabled. Use `/flag 5` to enable it.', true, nil, true)
+					return
+				end
+				if not group.antiflood then
+					group.antiflood = JSON.decode(JSON.encode(administration.antiflood))
+				end
+				local input = utilities.input(msg.text_lower)
+				local output
+				if input then
+					local key, val = input:match('(%a+) (%d+)')
+					if not group.antiflood[key] or not tonumber(val) then
+						output = 'Not a valid message type or number.'
+					else
+						group.antiflood[key] = val
+						output = '*' .. key:gsub('^%l', string.upper) .. '* messages are now worth *' .. val .. '* points.'
+					end
+				else
+					output = 'usage: `/antiflood <type> <i>`\nexample: `/antiflood text 5`\nUse this command to configure the point values for each message type. When a user reaches 100 points, he is kicked. The points are reset each minute. The current values are:\n'
+					for k,v in pairs(group.antiflood) do
+						output = output .. '*'..k..':* `'..v..'`\n'
+					end
+				end
+				bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, output, true, msg.message_id, true)
+			end
+		},
+
+		{ -- mod
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('mod', true):t('demod', true).table,
+
+			command = 'mod <user>',
+			privilege = 3,
+			interior = true,
+
+			action = function(self, msg, group)
+				local target = administration.get_target(self, msg)
+				if target.err then
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.err)
+					return
+				end
+				if group.mods[target.id_str] then
+					if group.grouptype == 'supergroup' then
+						drua.channel_set_admin(msg.chat.id, target.id, 0)
+					end
 					group.mods[target.id_str] = nil
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.name .. ' is no longer a moderator.')
+				else
+					if target.rank > 2 then
+						bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.name .. ' is greater than a moderator.')
+						return
+					end
+					if group.grouptype == 'supergroup' then
+						drua.channel_set_admin(msg.chat.id, target.id, 2)
+					end
+					group.mods[target.id_str] = true
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.name .. ' is now a moderator.')
 				end
-				group.governor = target.id
-				sendReply(msg, target.name .. ' is the new governor.')
 			end
-			if group.grouptype == 'supergroup' then
-				update_desc(msg.chat.id)
-			end
-		end
-	},
-
-	{ -- hammer
-		triggers = {
-			'^/hammer',
-			'^/unhammer'
 		},
 
-		command = 'hammer <user>',
-		privilege = 4,
-		interior = false,
+		{ -- gov
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('gov', true):t('degov', true).table,
 
-		action = function(msg)
-			local target = get_target(msg)
-			if target.err then
-				sendReply(msg, target.err)
-				return
-			end
-			if target.rank > 3 then
-				sendReply(msg, target.name .. ' is too privileged to be globally banned.')
-				return
-			end
-			if database.blacklist[target.id_str] then
-				database.blacklist[target.id_str] = nil
-				sendReply(msg, target.name .. ' has been globally unbanned.')
-			else
-				database.blacklist[target.id_str] = true
-				for k,v in pairs(database.administration.groups) do
-					drua.kick_user(k, target.id)
-				end
-				sendReply(msg, target.name .. ' has been globally banned.')
-			end
-		end
-	},
+			command = 'gov <user>',
+			privilege = 4,
+			interior = true,
 
-	{ -- admin
-		triggers = {
-			'^/admin',
-			'^/deadmin'
-		},
-
-		command = 'admin <user',
-		privilege = 5,
-		interior = false,
-
-		action = function(msg)
-			local target = get_target(msg)
-			if target.err then
-				sendReply(msg, target.err)
-				return
-			end
-			if database.administration.admins[target.id_str] then
-				database.administration.admins[target.id_str] = nil
-				sendReply(msg, target.name .. ' is no longer an administrator.')
-			else
-				if target.rank == 5 then
-					sendReply(msg, target.name .. ' is greater than an administrator.')
+			action = function(self, msg, group)
+				local target = administration.get_target(self, msg)
+				if target.err then
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.err)
 					return
 				end
-				for k,v in pairs(database.administration.groups) do
-					v.mods[target.id_str] = nil
+				if group.governor and group.governor == target.id then
+					if group.grouptype == 'supergroup' then
+						drua.channel_set_admin(msg.chat.id, target.id, 0)
+					end
+					group.governor = self.config.admin
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.name .. ' is no longer the governor.')
+				else
+					if group.grouptype == 'supergroup' then
+						if group.governor then
+							drua.channel_set_admin(msg.chat.id, group.governor, 0)
+						end
+						drua.channel_set_admin(msg.chat.id, target.id, 2)
+					end
+					if target.rank == 2 then
+						group.mods[target.id_str] = nil
+					end
+					group.governor = target.id
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.name .. ' is the new governor.')
+				end
+				if group.grouptype == 'supergroup' then
+					administration.update_desc(self, msg.chat.id)
 				end
-				database.administration.admins[target.id_str] = true
-				sendReply(msg, target.name .. ' is now an administrator.')
 			end
-		end
-	},
-
-	{ -- gadd
-		triggers = {
-			'^/gadd$',
-			'^/gadd@'..bot.username
 		},
 
-		command = 'gadd',
-		privilege = 5,
-		interior = false,
+		{ -- hammer
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('hammer', true):t('unhammer', true).table,
 
-		action = function(msg)
-			if database.administration.groups[msg.chat.id_str] then
-				sendReply(msg, 'I am already administrating this group.')
-				return
-			end
-			database.administration.groups[msg.chat.id_str] = {
-				mods = {},
-				governor = msg.from.id,
-				bans = {},
-				flags = {},
-				rules = {},
-				grouptype = msg.chat.type,
-				name = msg.chat.title,
-				link = drua.export_link(msg.chat.id),
-				photo = drua.get_photo(msg.chat.id),
-				founded = os.time()
-			}
-			for i = 1, #flags do
-				database.administration.groups[msg.chat.id_str].flags[i] = false
-			end
-			table.insert(database.administration.activity, msg.chat.id_str)
-			sendReply(msg, 'I am now administrating this group.')
-		end
-	},
+			command = 'hammer <user>',
+			privilege = 4,
+			interior = false,
 
-	{ -- grem
-		triggers = {
-			'^/grem[@'..bot.username..']*',
-			'^/gremove[@'..bot.username..']*'
+			action = function(self, msg)
+				local target = administration.get_target(self, msg)
+				if target.err then
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.err)
+					return
+				end
+				if target.rank > 3 then
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.name .. ' is too privileged to be globally banned.')
+					return
+				end
+				if self.database.blacklist[target.id_str] then
+					self.database.blacklist[target.id_str] = nil
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.name .. ' has been globally unbanned.')
+				else
+					self.database.blacklist[target.id_str] = true
+					for k,_ in pairs(self.database.administration.groups) do
+						drua.kick_user(k, target.id)
+					end
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.name .. ' has been globally banned.')
+				end
+			end
 		},
 
-		command = 'gremove \\[chat]',
-		privilege = 5,
-		interior = true,
+		{ -- admin
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('admin', true):t('deadmin', true).table,
 
-		action = function(msg)
-			local input = msg.text:input() or msg.chat.id_str
-			if database.administration.groups[input] then
-				database.administration.groups[input] = nil
-				for i,v in ipairs(database.administration.activity) do
-					if v == input then
-						table.remove(database.administration.activity, i)
+			command = 'admin <user>',
+			privilege = 5,
+			interior = false,
+
+			action = function(self, msg)
+				local target = administration.get_target(self, msg)
+				if target.err then
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.err)
+					return
+				end
+				if self.database.administration.admins[target.id_str] then
+					self.database.administration.admins[target.id_str] = nil
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.name .. ' is no longer an administrator.')
+				else
+					if target.rank == 5 then
+						bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.name .. ' is greater than an administrator.')
+						return
+					end
+					for _,group in pairs(self.database.administration.groups) do
+						group.mods[target.id_str] = nil
+					end
+					self.database.administration.admins[target.id_str] = true
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.name .. ' is now an administrator.')
+				end
+			end
+		},
+
+		{ -- gadd
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('gadd').table,
+
+			command = 'gadd',
+			privilege = 5,
+			interior = false,
+
+			action = function(self, msg)
+				if self.database.administration.groups[msg.chat.id_str] then
+					bindings.sendReply(msg, 'I am already administrating this group.')
+					return
+				end
+				self.database.administration.groups[msg.chat.id_str] = {
+					mods = {},
+					governor = msg.from.id,
+					bans = {},
+					flags = {},
+					rules = {},
+					grouptype = msg.chat.type,
+					name = msg.chat.title,
+					link = drua.export_link(msg.chat.id),
+					photo = drua.get_photo(msg.chat.id),
+					founded = os.time()
+				}
+				for i,_ in ipairs(administration.flags) do
+					self.database.administration.groups[msg.chat.id_str].flags[i] = false
+				end
+				table.insert(self.database.administration.activity, msg.chat.id_str)
+				bindings.sendReply(self, msg, 'I am now administrating this group.')
+			end
+		},
+
+		{ -- grem
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('grem', true):t('gremove', true).table,
+
+			command = 'gremove \\[chat]',
+			privilege = 5,
+			interior = true,
+
+			action = function(self, msg)
+				local input = utilities.input(msg.text) or msg.chat.id_str
+				if self.database.administration.groups[input] then
+					self.database.administration.groups[input] = nil
+					for i,v in ipairs(self.database.administration.activity) do
+						if v == input then
+							table.remove(self.database.administration.activity, i)
+						end
+					end
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, 'I am no longer administrating that group.')
+				else
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, 'I do not administrate that group.')
+				end
+			end
+		},
+
+		{ -- glist
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('list', false).table,
+
+			command = 'glist',
+			privilege = 5,
+			interior = false,
+
+			action = function(self, msg)
+				local output = ''
+				if utilities.table_size(self.database.administration.groups) > 0 then
+					for k,v in pairs(self.database.administration.groups) do
+						output = output .. '[' .. utilities.md_escape(v.name) .. '](' .. v.link .. ') `[' .. k .. ']`\n'
+						if v.governor then
+							local gov = self.database.users[tostring(v.governor)]
+							output = output .. '★ ' .. utilities.md_escape(utilities.build_name(gov.first_name, gov.last_name)) .. ' `[' .. gov.id .. ']`\n'
+						end
+					end
+				else
+					output = 'There are no groups.'
+				end
+				if bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.from.id, output, true, nil, true) then
+					if msg.from.id ~= msg.chat.id then
+						bindings.sendReply(self, msg, 'I have sent you the requested information in a private message.')
 					end
 				end
-				sendReply(msg, 'I am no longer administrating that group.')
-			else
-				sendReply(msg, 'I do not administrate that group.')
 			end
-		end
-	},
-
-	{ -- glist
-		triggers = {
-			'^/glist$',
-			'^/glist@'..bot.username
 		},
 
-		command = 'glist',
-		privilege = 5,
-		interior = false,
+		{ -- broadcast
+			triggers = utilities.triggers(self_.info.username):t('broadcast', true).table,
 
-		action = function(msg)
-			local output = ''
-			if table_size(database.administration.groups) > 0 then
-				for k,v in pairs(database.administration.groups) do
-					output = output .. '[' .. v.name:md_escape() .. '](' .. v.link .. ') `[' .. k .. ']`\n'
-					if v.governor then
-						local gov = database.users[tostring(v.governor)]
-						output = output .. '★ ' .. build_name(gov.first_name, gov.last_name):md_escape() .. ' `[' .. gov.id .. ']`\n'
-					end
+			command = 'broadcast <message>',
+			privilege = 5,
+			interior = false,
+
+			action = function(self, msg)
+				local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
+				if not input then
+					bindings.sendReply(self, msg, 'Give me something to broadcast.')
+					return
 				end
-			else
-				output = 'There are no groups.'
-			end
-			if sendMessage(msg.from.id, output, true, nil, true) then
-				if msg.from.id ~= msg.chat.id then
-					sendReply(msg, 'I have sent you the requested information in a private message.')
+				input = '*Admin Broadcast:*\n' .. input
+				for id,_ in pairs(self.database.administration.groups) do
+					bindings.sendMessage(self, id, input, true, nil, true)
 				end
 			end
-		end
-	},
+		}
 
-	{ -- broadcast
-		triggers = {
-			'^/broadcast'
-		},
-
-		command = 'broadcast <message>',
-		privilege = 5,
-		interior = false,
-
-		action = function(msg)
-			local input = msg.text:input()
-			if not input then
-				sendReply(msg, 'Give me something to broadcast.')
-				return
-			end
-			input = '*Admin Broadcast:*\n' .. input
-			for k,v in pairs(database.administration.groups) do
-				sendMessage(k, input, true, nil, true)
-			end
-		end
 	}
 
-}
+	-- Generate trigger table.
+	administration.triggers = {}
+	for _, command in ipairs(administration.commands) do
+		for _, trigger in ipairs(command.triggers) do
+			table.insert(administration.triggers, trigger)
+		end
+	end
 
- -- Generate trigger table.
-local triggers = {}
-for i,v in ipairs(commands) do
-	for ind, val in ipairs(v.triggers) do
-		table.insert(triggers, val)
+	self_.database.administration.help = {}
+	for i,_ in ipairs(administration.ranks) do
+		self_.admin_temp.help[i] = {}
+	end
+	for _,v in ipairs(administration.commands) do
+		if v.command then
+			table.insert(self_.admin_temp.help[v.privilege], v.command)
+		end
 	end
 end
 
-database.administration.help = {}
-for i,v in ipairs(ranks) do
-	admin_temp.help[i] = {}
-end
-for i,v in ipairs(commands) do
-	if v.command then
-		table.insert(admin_temp.help[v.privilege], v.command)
-	end
-end
-
-local action = function(msg)
-	for i,v in ipairs(commands) do
-		for key,val in pairs(v.triggers) do
-			if msg.text_lower:match(val) then
-				if v.interior and not database.administration.groups[msg.chat.id_str] then
+function administration:action(msg)
+	for _,command in ipairs(administration.commands) do
+		for _,trigger in pairs(command.triggers) do
+			if msg.text_lower:match(trigger) then
+				if command.interior and not self.database.administration.groups[msg.chat.id_str] then
 					break
 				end
-				if get_rank(msg.from.id, msg.chat.id) < v.privilege then
+				if administration.get_rank(self, msg.from.id, msg.chat.id) < command.privilege then
 					break
 				end
-				local res = v.action(msg, database.administration.groups[msg.chat.id_str])
+				local res = command.action(self, msg, self.database.administration.groups[msg.chat.id_str])
 				if res ~= true then
 					return res
 				end
@@ -1186,17 +1131,11 @@ local action = function(msg)
 	return true
 end
 
-local cron = function()
-	admin_temp.flood = {}
+function administration:cron()
+	self.temp.flood = {}
 end
 
-local command = 'groups'
-local doc = '`Returns a list of administrated groups.\nUse /ahelp for more administrative commands.`'
+administration.command = 'groups'
+administration.doc = '`Returns a list of administrated groups.\nUse /ahelp for more administrative commands.`'
 
-return {
-	action = action,
-	triggers = triggers,
-	cron = cron,
-	doc = doc,
-	command = command
-}
+return administration
diff --git a/plugins/apod.lua b/plugins/apod.lua
index ee6c90a..f8c56db 100755
--- a/plugins/apod.lua
+++ b/plugins/apod.lua
@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
-local command = 'apod [date]'
-local doc = [[```
+local apod = {}
+
+local HTTPS = require('ssl.https')
+local JSON = require('cjson')
+local URL = require('socket.url')
+local bindings = require('bindings')
+local utilities = require('utilities')
+
+apod.command = 'apod [date]'
+apod.doc = [[```
 /apod [query]
 Returns the Astronomy Picture of the Day.
 If the query is a date, in the format YYYY-MM-DD, the APOD of that day is returned.
@@ -10,31 +18,29 @@ Returns the explanation of the APOD.
 Source: nasa.gov
 ```]]
 
-local triggers = {
-	'^/apod[@'..bot.username..']*',
-	'^/apodhd[@'..bot.username..']*',
-	'^/apodtext[@'..bot.username..']*'
-}
+function apod:init()
+	apod.triggers = utilities.triggers(self.info.username)
+		:t('apod', true):t('apodhd', true):t('apodtext', true).table
+end
 
-local action = function(msg)
+function apod:action(msg)
 
-	if not config.nasa_api_key then
-		config.nasa_api_key = 'DEMO_KEY'
+	if not self.config.nasa_api_key then
+		self.config.nasa_api_key = 'DEMO_KEY'
 	end
 
-	local input = msg.text:input()
-	local caption = ''
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 	local date = '*'
 	local disable_page_preview = false
 
-	local url = 'https://api.nasa.gov/planetary/apod?api_key=' .. config.nasa_api_key
+	local url = 'https://api.nasa.gov/planetary/apod?api_key=' .. self.config.nasa_api_key
 
 	if input then
 		if input:match('(%d+)%-(%d+)%-(%d+)$') then
 			url = url .. '&date=' .. URL.escape(input)
 			date = date .. input
 		else
-			sendMessage(msg.chat.id, doc, true, msg.message_id, true)
+			bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, apod.doc, true, msg.message_id, true)
 			return
 		end
 	else
@@ -45,14 +51,14 @@ local action = function(msg)
 
 	local jstr, res = HTTPS.request(url)
 	if res ~= 200 then
-		sendReply(msg, config.errors.connection)
+		bindings.sendReply(self, msg, self.config.errors.connection)
 		return
 	end
 
 	local jdat = JSON.decode(jstr)
 
 	if jdat.error then
-		sendReply(msg, config.errors.results)
+		bindings.sendReply(msg, self.config.errors.results)
 		return
 	end
 
@@ -62,7 +68,7 @@ local action = function(msg)
 		img_url = jdat.hdurl or jdat.url
 	end
 
-	output = date .. '[' .. jdat.title  .. '](' .. img_url .. ')'
+	local output = date .. '[' .. jdat.title  .. '](' .. img_url .. ')'
 
 	if string.match(msg.text, '^/apodtext*') then
 		output = output .. '\n' .. jdat.explanation
@@ -73,13 +79,8 @@ local action = function(msg)
 		output = output .. '\nCopyright: ' .. jdat.copyright
 	end
 
-	sendMessage(msg.chat.id, output, disable_page_preview, nil, true)
+	bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, output, disable_page_preview, nil, true)
 
 end
 
-return {
-	action = action,
-	triggers = triggers,
-	doc = doc,
-	command = command
-}
+return apod
diff --git a/plugins/bandersnatch.lua b/plugins/bandersnatch.lua
index 5950ebe..0411494 100755
--- a/plugins/bandersnatch.lua
+++ b/plugins/bandersnatch.lua
@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
-local command = 'bandersnatch'
-local doc = [[```
+local bandersnatch = {}
+
+local bindings = require('bindings')
+local utilities = require('utilities')
+
+bandersnatch.command = 'bandersnatch'
+bandersnatch.doc = [[```
 Shun the frumious Bandersnatch.
 Alias: /bc
 ```]]
 
-local triggers = {
-	'^/bandersnatch[@'..bot.username..']*',
-	'^/bc[@'..bot.username..']*'
-}
+function bandersnatch:init()
+	bandersnatch.triggers = utilities.triggers(self.info.username):trigger('bandersnatch'):trigger('bc').table
+end
 
 local fullnames = { "Wimbledon Tennismatch", "Rinkydink Curdlesnoot", "Butawhiteboy Cantbekhan", "Benadryl Claritin", "Bombadil Rivendell", "Wanda's Crotchfruit", "Biblical Concubine", "Syphilis Cankersore", "Buckminster Fullerene", "Bourgeoisie Capitalist" }
 
@@ -15,7 +19,7 @@ local firstnames = { "Bumblebee", "Bandersnatch", "Broccoli", "Rinkydink", "Bomb
 
 local lastnames = { "Coddleswort", "Crumplesack", "Curdlesnoot", "Calldispatch", "Humperdinck", "Rivendell", "Cuttlefish", "Lingerie", "Vegemite", "Ampersand", "Cumberbund", "Candycrush", "Clombyclomp", "Cragglethatch", "Nottinghill", "Cabbagepatch", "Camouflage","Creamsicle", "Curdlemilk", "Upperclass", "Frumblesnatch", "Crumplehorn", "Talisman", "Candlestick", "Chesterfield", "Bumbersplat", "Scratchnsniff", "Snugglesnatch", "Charizard", "Carrotstick", "Cumbercooch", "Crackerjack", "Crucifix", "Cuckatoo", "Cockletit", "Collywog", "Capncrunch", "Covergirl", "Cumbersnatch", "Countryside","Coggleswort", "Splishnsplash", "Copperwire", "Animorph", "Curdledmilk", "Cheddarcheese", "Cottagecheese", "Crumplehorn", "Snickersbar", "Banglesnatch", "Stinkyrash", "Cameltoe", "Chickenbroth", "Concubine", "Candygram", "Moldyspore", "Chuckecheese", "Cankersore", "Crimpysnitch", "Wafflesmack", "Chowderpants", "Toodlesnoot", "Clavichord", "Cuckooclock", "Oxfordshire", "Cumbersome", "Chickenstrips", "Battleship", "Commonwealth", "Cunningsnatch", "Custardbath", "Kryptonite", "Curdlesnoot", "Cummerbund", "Coochyrash", "Crackerdong", "Crackerdong", "Curdledong", "Crackersprout", "Crumplebutt", "Colonist", "Coochierash", "Thundersnatch" }
 
-local action = function(msg)
+function bandersnatch:action(msg)
 
 	local message
 
@@ -25,13 +29,8 @@ local action = function(msg)
 		message = firstnames[math.random(#firstnames)] .. ' ' .. lastnames[math.random(#lastnames)]
 	end
 
-	sendReply(msg, message)
+	bindings.sendReply(self, msg, message)
 
 end
 
-return {
-	action = action,
-	triggers = triggers,
-	command = command,
-	desc = desc
-}
+return bandersnatch
diff --git a/plugins/bible.lua b/plugins/bible.lua
index 03aca67..a556d48 100755
--- a/plugins/bible.lua
+++ b/plugins/bible.lua
@@ -1,54 +1,54 @@
-if not config.biblia_api_key then
-	print('Missing config value: biblia_api_key.')
-	print('bible.lua will not be enabled.')
-	return
+local bible = {}
+
+local HTTP = require('socket.http')
+local URL = require('socket.url')
+local bindings = require('bindings')
+local utilities = require('utilities')
+
+function bible:init()
+	if not self.config.biblia_api_key then
+		print('Missing config value: biblia_api_key.')
+		print('bible.lua will not be enabled.')
+		return
+	end
+
+	bible.triggers = utilities.triggers(self.info.username):t('bible', true):t('b', true).table
 end
 
-local command = 'bible <reference>'
-local doc = [[```
+bible.command = 'bible <reference>'
+bible.doc = [[```
 /bible <reference>
 Returns a verse from the American Standard Version of the Bible, or an apocryphal verse from the King James Version. Results from biblia.com.
 Alias: /b
 ```]]
 
-local triggers = {
-	'^/bible*[@'..bot.username..']*',
-	'^/b[@'..bot.username..']* ',
-	'^/b[@'..bot.username..']*$'
-}
+function bible:action(msg)
 
-local action = function(msg)
-
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 	if not input then
-		sendMessage(msg.chat.id, doc, true, msg.message_id, true)
+		bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, self.doc, true, msg.message_id, true)
 		return
 	end
 
-	local url = 'http://api.biblia.com/v1/bible/content/ASV.txt?key=' .. config.biblia_api_key .. '&passage=' .. URL.escape(input)
+	local url = 'http://api.biblia.com/v1/bible/content/ASV.txt?key=' .. self.config.biblia_api_key .. '&passage=' .. URL.escape(input)
 
 	local message, res = HTTP.request(url)
 
 	if not message or res ~= 200 or message:len() == 0 then
-		url = 'http://api.biblia.com/v1/bible/content/KJVAPOC.txt?key=' .. config.biblia_api_key .. '&passage=' .. URL.escape(input)
+		url = 'http://api.biblia.com/v1/bible/content/KJVAPOC.txt?key=' .. self.config.biblia_api_key .. '&passage=' .. URL.escape(input)
 		message, res = HTTP.request(url)
 	end
 
 	if not message or res ~= 200  or message:len() == 0 then
-		message = config.errors.results
+		message = self.config.errors.results
 	end
 
 	if message:len() > 4000 then
 		message = 'The text is too long to post here. Try being more specific.'
 	end
 
-	sendReply(msg, message)
+	bindings.sendReply(self, msg, message)
 
 end
 
-return {
-	action = action,
-	triggers = triggers,
-	command = command,
-	doc = doc
-}
+return bible
diff --git a/plugins/blacklist.lua b/plugins/blacklist.lua
index 9af0ed5..4a77457 100755
--- a/plugins/blacklist.lua
+++ b/plugins/blacklist.lua
@@ -1,24 +1,31 @@
  -- This plugin will allow the admin to blacklist users who will be unable to
  -- use the bot. This plugin should be at the top of your plugin list in config.
 
-if not database.blacklist then
-	database.blacklist = {}
+local blacklist = {}
+
+local bindings = require('bindings')
+local utilities = require('utilities')
+
+function blacklist:init()
+	if not self.database.blacklist then
+		self.database.blacklist = {}
+	end
 end
 
-local triggers = {
+blacklist.triggers = {
 	''
 }
 
- local action = function(msg)
+function blacklist:action(msg)
 
-	if database.blacklist[msg.from.id_str] then return end
-	if database.blacklist[msg.chat.id_str] then return end
+	if self.database.blacklist[msg.from.id_str] then return end
+	if self.database.blacklist[msg.chat.id_str] then return end
 	if not msg.text:match('^/blacklist') then return true end
-	if msg.from.id ~= config.admin then return end
+	if msg.from.id ~= self.config.admin then return end
 
-	local target = user_from_message(msg)
+	local target = utilities.user_from_message(self, msg)
 	if target.err then
-		sendReply(msg, target.err)
+		bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.err)
 		return
 	end
 
@@ -26,17 +33,14 @@ local triggers = {
 		target.name = 'Group'
 	end
 
-	if database.blacklist[tostring(target.id)] then
-		database.blacklist[tostring(target.id)] = nil
-		sendReply(msg, target.name .. ' has been removed from the blacklist.')
+	if self.database.blacklist[tostring(target.id)] then
+		self.database.blacklist[tostring(target.id)] = nil
+		bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.name .. ' has been removed from the blacklist.')
 	else
-		database.blacklist[tostring(target.id)] = true
-		sendReply(msg, target.name .. ' has been added to the blacklist.')
+		self.database.blacklist[tostring(target.id)] = true
+		bindings.sendReply(self, msg, target.name .. ' has been added to the blacklist.')
 	end
 
  end
 
- return {
-	action = action,
-	triggers = triggers
-}
+ return blacklist
diff --git a/plugins/calc.lua b/plugins/calc.lua
index 0d854d1..53a5bfd 100755
--- a/plugins/calc.lua
+++ b/plugins/calc.lua
@@ -1,21 +1,28 @@
-local command = 'calc <expression>'
-local doc = [[```
+local calc = {}
+
+local URL = require('socket.url')
+local HTTPS = require('ssl.https')
+local bindings = require('bindings')
+local utilities = require('utilities')
+
+calc.command = 'calc <expression>'
+calc.doc = [[```
 /calc <expression>
 Returns solutions to mathematical expressions and conversions between common units. Results provided by mathjs.org.
 ```]]
 
-local triggers = {
-	'^/calc[@'..bot.username..']*'
-}
+function calc:init()
+	calc.triggers = utilities.triggers(self.info.username):t('calc', true).table
+end
 
-local action = function(msg)
+function calc:action(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 	if not input then
 		if msg.reply_to_message and msg.reply_to_message.text then
 			input = msg.reply_to_message.text
 		else
-			sendMessage(msg.chat.id, doc, true, msg.message_id, true)
+			bindings.sendMessage(msg.chat.id, calc.doc, true, msg.message_id, true)
 			return
 		end
 	end
@@ -24,19 +31,14 @@ local action = function(msg)
 
 	local output = HTTPS.request(url)
 	if not output then
-		sendReply(msg, config.errors.connection)
+		bindings.sendReply(self, msg, self.config.errors.connection)
 		return
 	end
 
 	output = '`' .. output .. '`'
 
-	sendMessage(msg.chat.id, output, true, msg.message_id, true)
+	bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, output, true, msg.message_id, true)
 
 end
 
-return {
-	action = action,
-	triggers = triggers,
-	command = command,
-	doc = doc
-}
+return calc
diff --git a/plugins/cats.lua b/plugins/cats.lua
index 53a15c6..d72f885 100755
--- a/plugins/cats.lua
+++ b/plugins/cats.lua
@@ -1,38 +1,39 @@
-if not config.thecatapi_key then
-	print('Missing config value: thecatapi_key.')
-	print('cats.lua will be enabled, but there are more features with a key.')
+local cats = {}
+
+local HTTP = require('socket.http')
+local bindings = require('bindings')
+local utilities = require('utilities')
+
+function bindings:init()
+	if not self.config.thecatapi_key then
+		print('Missing config value: thecatapi_key.')
+		print('cats.lua will be enabled, but there are more features with a key.')
+	end
 end
 
-local command = 'cat'
-local doc = '`Returns a cat!`'
+cats.command = 'cat'
+cats.doc = '`Returns a cat!`'
 
-local triggers = {
-	'^/cat[@'..bot.username..']*$'
-}
+cats.triggers = utilities.triggers():t('cat')
 
-local action = function(msg)
+function cats:action(msg)
 
 	local url = 'http://thecatapi.com/api/images/get?format=html&type=jpg'
-	if config.thecatapi_key then
-		url = url .. '&api_key=' .. config.thecatapi_key
+	if self.config.thecatapi_key then
+		url = url .. '&api_key=' .. self.config.thecatapi_key
 	end
 
 	local str, res = HTTP.request(url)
 	if res ~= 200 then
-		sendReply(msg, config.errors.connection)
+		bindings.sendReply(msg, self.config.errors.connection)
 		return
 	end
 
 	str = str:match('<img src="(.-)">')
 	local output = '[Cat!]('..str..')'
 
-	sendMessage(msg.chat.id, output, false, nil, true)
+	bindings.sendMessage(self, msg.chat.id, output, false, nil, true)
 
 end
 
-return {
-	action = action,
-	triggers = triggers,
-	doc = doc,
-	command = command
-}
+return cats
diff --git a/plugins/dice.lua b/plugins/dice.lua
index 7ae3345..0da32f5 100755
--- a/plugins/dice.lua
+++ b/plugins/dice.lua
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ local triggers = {
 
 local action = function(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text_lower:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text_lower)
 	if not input then
 		sendMessage(msg.chat.id, doc, true, msg.message_id, true)
 		return
diff --git a/plugins/dilbert.lua b/plugins/dilbert.lua
index 2511da0..5b53b70 100644
--- a/plugins/dilbert.lua
+++ b/plugins/dilbert.lua
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ local action = function(msg)
 
 	sendChatAction(msg.chat.id, 'upload_photo')
 
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 	if not input then input = os.date('%F') end
 	if not input:match('^%d%d%d%d%-%d%d%-%d%d$') then input = os.date('%F') end
 
diff --git a/plugins/echo.lua b/plugins/echo.lua
index c52d78b..d0e5731 100755
--- a/plugins/echo.lua
+++ b/plugins/echo.lua
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ local triggers = {
 
 local action = function(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 
 	if not input then
 		sendMessage(msg.chat.id, doc, true, msg.message_id, true)
diff --git a/plugins/gImages.lua b/plugins/gImages.lua
index f01c233..99c8c88 100755
--- a/plugins/gImages.lua
+++ b/plugins/gImages.lua
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ local triggers = {
 
 local action = function(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 	if not input then
 		if msg.reply_to_message and msg.reply_to_message.text then
 			input = msg.reply_to_message.text
diff --git a/plugins/gMaps.lua b/plugins/gMaps.lua
index b2acc34..1b49d8c 100755
--- a/plugins/gMaps.lua
+++ b/plugins/gMaps.lua
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ local triggers = {
 
 local action = function(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 	if not input then
 		if msg.reply_to_message and msg.reply_to_message.text then
 			input = msg.reply_to_message.text
diff --git a/plugins/gSearch.lua b/plugins/gSearch.lua
index 23f9c2b..bf906e9 100755
--- a/plugins/gSearch.lua
+++ b/plugins/gSearch.lua
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ local triggers = {
 
 local action = function(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 	if not input then
 		if msg.reply_to_message and msg.reply_to_message.text then
 			input = msg.reply_to_message.text
diff --git a/plugins/hearthstone.lua b/plugins/hearthstone.lua
index 8370702..9de002d 100755
--- a/plugins/hearthstone.lua
+++ b/plugins/hearthstone.lua
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ end
 
 local action = function(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text_lower:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text_lower)
 	if not input then
 		sendMessage(msg.chat.id, doc, true, msg.message_id, true)
 		return
diff --git a/plugins/help.lua b/plugins/help.lua
index c0589dd..155689a 100755
--- a/plugins/help.lua
+++ b/plugins/help.lua
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ local triggers = {
 
 local action = function(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text_lower:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text_lower)
 
 	-- Attempts to send the help message via PM.
 	-- If msg is from a group, it tells the group whether the PM was successful.
diff --git a/plugins/imdb.lua b/plugins/imdb.lua
index 45cb543..d5756b0 100755
--- a/plugins/imdb.lua
+++ b/plugins/imdb.lua
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ local triggers = {
 
 local action = function(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 	if not input then
 		if msg.reply_to_message and msg.reply_to_message.text then
 			input = msg.reply_to_message.text
diff --git a/plugins/lastfm.lua b/plugins/lastfm.lua
index ee07874..49f52fe 100755
--- a/plugins/lastfm.lua
+++ b/plugins/lastfm.lua
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ local triggers = {
 
 local action = function(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 
 	if string.match(msg.text, '^/lastfm') then
 		sendMessage(msg.chat.id, doc, true, msg.message_id, true)
diff --git a/plugins/librefm.lua b/plugins/librefm.lua
index 32e0b97..ddd5d96 100644
--- a/plugins/librefm.lua
+++ b/plugins/librefm.lua
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ local triggers = {
 
 local action = function(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 
 	if string.match(msg.text, '^/librefm') then
 		sendMessage(msg.chat.id, doc, true, msg.message_id, true)
diff --git a/plugins/luarun.lua b/plugins/luarun.lua
index a4cd585..e56a912 100644
--- a/plugins/luarun.lua
+++ b/plugins/luarun.lua
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ local action = function(msg)
 		return
 	end
 
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 	if not input then
 		sendReply(msg, 'Please enter a string to load.')
 		return
diff --git a/plugins/me.lua b/plugins/me.lua
index 68ece71..9c7c62e 100644
--- a/plugins/me.lua
+++ b/plugins/me.lua
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ local action = function(msg)
 
 	local target = database.users[msg.from.id_str]
 
-	if msg.from.id == config.admin and (msg.reply_to_message or msg.text:input()) then
+	if msg.from.id == config.admin and (msg.reply_to_message or utilities.input(msg.text)) then
 		target = user_from_message(msg)
 		if target.err then
 			sendReply(msg, target.err)
diff --git a/plugins/moderation.lua b/plugins/moderation.lua
index c8be00b..182f5b4 100755
--- a/plugins/moderation.lua
+++ b/plugins/moderation.lua
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ local commands = {
 
 	['^/modcast[@'..bot.username..']*'] = function(msg)
 
-		local output = msg.text:input()
+		local output = utilities.input(msg.text)
 		if not output then
 			return 'You must include a message.'
 		end
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ local commands = {
 			return config.moderation.errors.not_admin
 		end
 
-		local modid = msg.text:input()
+		local modid = utilities.input(msg.text)
 
 		if not modid then
 			if msg.reply_to_message then
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ local commands = {
 			end
 		end
 
-		local userid = msg.text:input()
+		local userid = utilities.input(msg.text)
 		local usernm = userid
 
 		if msg.reply_to_message then
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ local commands = {
 			end
 		end
 
-		local userid = msg.text:input()
+		local userid = utilities.input(msg.text)
 		local usernm = userid
 
 		if msg.reply_to_message then
diff --git a/plugins/nick.lua b/plugins/nick.lua
index d8b97a1..74b6b71 100755
--- a/plugins/nick.lua
+++ b/plugins/nick.lua
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ local action = function(msg)
 	end
 
 	local output
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 	if not input then
 		if database.users[target.id_str].nickname then
 			output = target.name .. '\'s nickname is "' .. database.users[target.id_str].nickname .. '".'
diff --git a/plugins/pokedex.lua b/plugins/pokedex.lua
index 2a7e57a..1b06c9b 100755
--- a/plugins/pokedex.lua
+++ b/plugins/pokedex.lua
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ local triggers = {
 
 local action = function(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text_lower:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text_lower)
 	if not input then
 		if msg.reply_to_message and msg.reply_to_message.text then
 			input = msg.reply_to_message.text
diff --git a/plugins/preview.lua b/plugins/preview.lua
index 234a7bd..8ba335c 100644
--- a/plugins/preview.lua
+++ b/plugins/preview.lua
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ local triggers = {
 
 local action = function(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 
 	if not input then
 		sendMessage(msg.chat.id, doc, true, nil, true)
diff --git a/plugins/reddit.lua b/plugins/reddit.lua
index 7d8a16e..037a14c 100755
--- a/plugins/reddit.lua
+++ b/plugins/reddit.lua
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ local triggers = {
 local action = function(msg)
 
 	msg.text_lower = msg.text_lower:gsub('/r/', '/r r/')
-	local input = msg.text_lower:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text_lower)
 	if msg.text_lower:match('^/r/') then
 		msg.text_lower = msg.text_lower:gsub('/r/', '/r r/')
 		input = get_word(msg.text_lower, 1)
 	else
-		input = msg.text_lower:input()
+		input = utilities.input(msg.text_lower)
 	end
 	local url
 
diff --git a/plugins/setandget.lua b/plugins/setandget.lua
index 79245cf..b34b52a 100644
--- a/plugins/setandget.lua
+++ b/plugins/setandget.lua
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ local triggers = {
 
 local action = function(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 	database.setandget[msg.chat.id_str] = database.setandget[msg.chat.id_str] or {}
 
 	if msg.text_lower:match('^/set') then
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ local action = function(msg)
 		end
 
 		local name = get_word(input:lower(), 1)
-		local value = input:input()
+		local value = utilities.input(input)
 
 		if not name or not value then
 			sendMessage(msg.chat.id, doc, true, nil, true)
diff --git a/plugins/shell.lua b/plugins/shell.lua
index 5c218aa..1622d08 100644
--- a/plugins/shell.lua
+++ b/plugins/shell.lua
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ local action = function(msg)
 		return
 	end
 
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 	input = input:gsub('—', '--')
 	
 	if not input then
diff --git a/plugins/shout.lua b/plugins/shout.lua
index 24c2f3e..873d7ac 100644
--- a/plugins/shout.lua
+++ b/plugins/shout.lua
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ local triggers = {
 
 local action = function(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 
 	if not input then
 		sendMessage(msg.chat.id, doc, true, msg.message_id, true)
diff --git a/plugins/slap.lua b/plugins/slap.lua
index 3e9c894..819df66 100755
--- a/plugins/slap.lua
+++ b/plugins/slap.lua
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ local slaps = {
 
 local action = function(msg)
 
-	local victim = msg.text:input()
+	local victim = utilities.input(msg.text)
 	if msg.reply_to_message then
 		if database.users[tostring(msg.reply_to_message.from.id)].nickname then
 			victim = database.users[tostring(msg.reply_to_message.from.id)].nickname
diff --git a/plugins/time.lua b/plugins/time.lua
index 1accc2e..05c7c2b 100755
--- a/plugins/time.lua
+++ b/plugins/time.lua
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ local triggers = {
 
 local action = function(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 	if not input then
 		if msg.reply_to_message and msg.reply_to_message.text then
 			input = msg.reply_to_message.text
diff --git a/plugins/translate.lua b/plugins/translate.lua
index b955be6..2be913b 100755
--- a/plugins/translate.lua
+++ b/plugins/translate.lua
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ local triggers = {
 
 local action = function(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 	if not input then
 		if msg.reply_to_message and msg.reply_to_message.text then
 			input = msg.reply_to_message.text
diff --git a/plugins/urbandictionary.lua b/plugins/urbandictionary.lua
index 9cbef94..9b2f94d 100755
--- a/plugins/urbandictionary.lua
+++ b/plugins/urbandictionary.lua
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ local triggers = {
 
 local action = function(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 	if not input then
 		if msg.reply_to_message and msg.reply_to_message.text then
 			input = msg.reply_to_message.text
diff --git a/plugins/weather.lua b/plugins/weather.lua
index 3f42618..8199624 100755
--- a/plugins/weather.lua
+++ b/plugins/weather.lua
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ local triggers = {
 
 local action = function(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 	if not input then
 		if msg.reply_to_message and msg.reply_to_message.text then
 			input = msg.reply_to_message.text
diff --git a/plugins/wikipedia.lua b/plugins/wikipedia.lua
index 4d94f57..4dfd882 100755
--- a/plugins/wikipedia.lua
+++ b/plugins/wikipedia.lua
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ local triggers = {
 
 local action = function(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 	if not input then
 		if msg.reply_to_message and msg.reply_to_message.text then
 			input = msg.reply_to_message.text
diff --git a/plugins/xkcd.lua b/plugins/xkcd.lua
index 9e4ac97..a8c0903 100755
--- a/plugins/xkcd.lua
+++ b/plugins/xkcd.lua
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ local triggers = {
 
 local action = function(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 
 	local jstr, res = HTTP.request('http://xkcd.com/info.0.json')
 	if res ~= 200 then
diff --git a/plugins/youtube.lua b/plugins/youtube.lua
index b1e6b10..0bbbe49 100755
--- a/plugins/youtube.lua
+++ b/plugins/youtube.lua
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ local triggers = {
 
 local action = function(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text)
 	if not input then
 		if msg.reply_to_message and msg.reply_to_message.text then
 			input = msg.reply_to_message.text
diff --git a/utilities.lua b/utilities.lua
index 2e5fe94..8527602 100755
--- a/utilities.lua
+++ b/utilities.lua
@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
 -- utilities.lua
 -- Functions shared among plugins.
 
- -- you're welcome, brayden :^)
-HTTP = HTTP or require('socket.http')
-HTTPS = HTTPS or require('ssl.https')
-JSON = JSON or require('cjson')
+local utilities = {}
+
+local HTTP = require('socket.http')
+local ltn12 = require('ltn12')
+local HTTPS = require('ssl.https')
+local URL = require('socket.url')
+local JSON = require('cjson')
+local bindings = require('bindings')
 
  -- get the indexed word in a string
-get_word = function(s, i)
+function utilities.get_word(s, i)
 
 	s = s or ''
 	i = i or 1
@@ -23,7 +27,7 @@ end
 
  -- Like get_word(), but better.
  -- Returns the actual index.
-function string:index()
+function utilities.index(s)
 	local t = {}
 	for w in s:gmatch('%g+') do
 		table.insert(t, w)
@@ -32,16 +36,16 @@ function string:index()
 end
 
  -- Returns the string after the first space.
-function string:input()
-	if not self:find(' ') then
+function utilities.input(s)
+	if not s:find(' ') then
 		return false
 	end
-	return self:sub(self:find(' ')+1)
+	return s:sub(s:find(' ')+1)
 end
 
  -- I swear, I copied this from PIL, not yago! :)
-function string:trim() -- Trims whitespace from a string.
-	local s = self:gsub('^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1')
+function utilities.trim(str) -- Trims whitespace from a string.
+	local s = str:gsub('^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1')
 	return s
 end
 
@@ -75,7 +79,7 @@ local lc_list = {
 }
 
  -- Replaces letters with corresponding Cyrillic characters.
-latcyr = function(str)
+function utilities.latcyr(str)
 	for k,v in pairs(lc_list) do
 		str = str:gsub(k, v)
 	end
@@ -83,7 +87,7 @@ latcyr = function(str)
 end
 
  -- Loads a JSON file as a table.
-load_data = function(filename)
+function utilities.load_data(filename)
 
 	local f = io.open(filename)
 	if not f then
@@ -98,7 +102,7 @@ load_data = function(filename)
 end
 
  -- Saves a table to a JSON file.
-save_data = function(filename, data)
+function utilities.save_data(filename, data)
 
 	local s = JSON.encode(data)
 	local f = io.open(filename, 'w')
@@ -108,18 +112,18 @@ save_data = function(filename, data)
 end
 
  -- Gets coordinates for a location. Used by gMaps.lua, time.lua, weather.lua.
-get_coords = function(input)
+function utilities:get_coords(input)
 
 	local url = 'http://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/geocode/json?address=' .. URL.escape(input)
 
 	local jstr, res = HTTP.request(url)
 	if res ~= 200 then
-		return config.errors.connection
+		return self.config.errors.connection
 	end
 
 	local jdat = JSON.decode(jstr)
 	if jdat.status == 'ZERO_RESULTS' then
-		return config.errors.results
+		return self.config.errors.results
 	end
 
 	return {
@@ -130,10 +134,10 @@ get_coords = function(input)
 end
 
  -- Get the number of values in a key/value table.
-table_size = function(tab)
+function utilities.table_size(tab)
 
 	local i = 0
-	for k,v in pairs(tab) do
+	for _,_ in pairs(tab) do
 		i = i + 1
 	end
 	return i
@@ -141,7 +145,7 @@ table_size = function(tab)
 end
 
  -- Just an easy way to get a user's full name.
-build_name = function(first, last)
+function utilities.build_name(first, last)
 	if last then
 		return first .. ' ' .. last
 	else
@@ -149,10 +153,10 @@ build_name = function(first, last)
 	end
 end
 
-resolve_username = function(input)
+function utilities:resolve_username(input)
 
 	input = input:gsub('^@', '')
-	for k,v in pairs(database.users) do
+	for _,v in pairs(self.database.users) do
 		if v.username and v.username:lower() == input:lower() then
 			return v
 		end
@@ -160,22 +164,22 @@ resolve_username = function(input)
 
 end
 
-user_from_message = function(msg)
+function utilities:user_from_message(msg)
 
-	local input = msg.text_lower:input()
+	local input = utilities.input(msg.text_lower)
 	local target = {}
 	if msg.reply_to_message then
 		target = msg.reply_to_message.from
 	elseif input and tonumber(input) then
 		target.id = input
-		if database.users[input] then
-			for k,v in pairs(database.users[input]) do
+		if self.database.users[input] then
+			for k,v in pairs(self.database.users[input]) do
 				target[k] = v
 			end
 		end
 	elseif input and input:match('^@') then
 		local uname = input:gsub('^@', '')
-		for k,v in pairs(database.users) do
+		for _,v in pairs(self.database.users) do
 			if v.username and uname == v.username:lower() then
 				for key, val in pairs(v) do
 					target[key] = val
@@ -195,21 +199,21 @@ user_from_message = function(msg)
 
 	if not target.first_name then target.first_name = 'User' end
 
-	target.name = build_name(target.first_name, target.last_name)
+	target.name = utilities.build_name(target.first_name, target.last_name)
 
 	return target
 
 end
 
-handle_exception = function(err, message)
+function utilities:handle_exception(err, message)
 
 	if not err then err = '' end
 
-	local output = '\n[' .. os.date('%F %T', os.time()) .. ']\n' .. bot.username .. ': ' .. err .. '\n' .. message .. '\n'
+	local output = '\n[' .. os.date('%F %T', os.time()) .. ']\n' .. self.info.username .. ': ' .. err .. '\n' .. message .. '\n'
 
-	if config.log_chat then
+	if self.config.log_chat then
 		output = '```' .. output .. '```'
-		sendMessage(config.log_chat, output, true, nil, true)
+		bindings.sendMessage(self, self.config.log_chat, output, true, nil, true)
 	else
 		print(output)
 	end
@@ -218,7 +222,7 @@ end
 
  -- Okay, this one I actually did copy from yagop.
  -- https://github.com/yagop/telegram-bot/blob/master/bot/utils.lua
-download_file = function(url, filename)
+function utilities.download_file(url, filename)
 
 	local respbody = {}
 	local options = {
@@ -227,7 +231,7 @@ download_file = function(url, filename)
 		redirect = true
 	}
 
-	local response = nil
+	local response
 
 	if url:match('^https') then
 		options.redirect = false
@@ -252,7 +256,7 @@ download_file = function(url, filename)
 
 end
 
-markdown_escape = function(text)
+function utilities.markdown_escape(text)
 
 	text = text:gsub('_', '\\_')
 	text = text:gsub('%[', '\\[')
@@ -262,11 +266,30 @@ markdown_escape = function(text)
 
 end
 
-function string:md_escape()
-	local text = self
-	text = text:gsub('_', '\\_')
-	text = text:gsub('%[', '\\[')
-	text = text:gsub('%*', '\\*')
-	text = text:gsub('`', '\\`')
-	return text
+function utilities.md_escape(s)
+	s = s:gsub('_', '\\_')
+	s = s:gsub('%[', '\\[')
+	s = s:gsub('%*', '\\*')
+	s = s:gsub('`', '\\`')
+	return s
+end
+
+utilities.INVOCATION_PATTERN = '/'
+
+utilities.triggers_metatable = {}
+function utilities.triggers_metatable:t(pattern, has_args)
+	self.table:insert('^'..utilities.INVOCATION_PATTERN..pattern..'$')
+	self.table:insert('^'..utilities.INVOCATION_PATTERN..pattern..'@'..self.username..'$')
+	if has_args then
+		self.table:insert('^'..utilities.INVOCATION_PATTERN..pattern..'%s+[^%s]*')
+		self.table:insert('^'..utilities.INVOCATION_PATTERN..pattern..'@'..self.username..'%s+[^%s]*')
+	end
+	return self
+end
+
+function utilities.triggers(username)
+	local self = setmetatable({}, utilities.triggers_metatable)
+	self.username = username
+	self.table = {}
+	return self
 end