Vulkan: Extend full bindless to cover cases with phi nodes (#6853)

* Key textures using set and binding (rather than just binding)

* Extend full bindless to cover cases with phi nodes

* Log error on bindless access failure

* Shader cache version bump

* Remove constant buffer match to reduce the chances of full bindless triggering

* Re-enable it for constant buffers, paper mario does actually need it

* Format whitespace

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 name: Feature Request
 description: Suggest a new feature for Ryujinx.
 title: "[Feature Request]"
+labels: enhancement
 body:
   - type: textarea
     id: overview

Directory.Packages.props

@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Desktop" Version="11.0.10" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Diagnostics" Version="11.0.10" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Markup.Xaml.Loader" Version="11.0.10" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Svg" Version="11.0.0.16" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Svg.Skia" Version="11.0.0.16" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Svg" Version="11.0.0.18" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Svg.Skia" Version="11.0.0.18" />
     <PackageVersion Include="CommandLineParser" Version="2.9.1" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Concentus" Version="1.1.7" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Concentus" Version="2.2.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="DiscordRichPresence" Version="1.2.1.24" />
     <PackageVersion Include="DynamicData" Version="8.4.1" />
     <PackageVersion Include="FluentAvaloniaUI" Version="2.0.5" />
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="LibHac" Version="0.19.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Analyzers" Version="3.3.4" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp" Version="4.9.2" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens" Version="7.5.1" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens" Version="7.5.2" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="17.9.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.IO.RecyclableMemoryStream" Version="3.0.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="MsgPack.Cli" Version="1.0.1" />
@@ -49,4 +49,4 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="System.Management" Version="8.0.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="UnicornEngine.Unicorn" Version="2.0.2-rc1-fb78016" />
   </ItemGroup>
-</Project>
+</Project>

README.md

@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@
 
 ## Compatibility
 
-As of October 2023, Ryujinx has been tested on approximately 4,200 titles;
-over 4,150 boot past menus and into gameplay, with roughly 3,500 of those being considered playable.
+As of May 2024, Ryujinx has been tested on approximately 4,300 titles;
+over 4,100 boot past menus and into gameplay, with roughly 3,550 of those being considered playable.
 
 You can check out the compatibility list [here](https://github.com/Ryujinx/Ryujinx-Games-List/issues).
 

Ryujinx.sln.DotSettings

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 	<s:String x:Key="/Default/CodeStyle/CSharpVarKeywordUsage/ForOtherTypes/@EntryValue">UseExplicitType</s:String>
 	<s:String x:Key="/Default/CodeStyle/CSharpVarKeywordUsage/ForSimpleTypes/@EntryValue">UseExplicitType</s:String>
 	<s:String x:Key="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CSharpNaming/PredefinedNamingRules/=TypesAndNamespaces/@EntryIndexedValue">&lt;Policy Inspect="True" Prefix="" Suffix="" Style="AaBb"&gt;&lt;ExtraRule Prefix="I" Suffix="" Style="AaBb" /&gt;&lt;/Policy&gt;</s:String>
+	<s:String x:Key="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CSharpNaming/UserRules/=a0b4bc4d_002Dd13b_002D4a37_002Db37e_002Dc9c6864e4302/@EntryIndexedValue">&lt;Policy&gt;&lt;Descriptor Staticness="Any" AccessRightKinds="Any" Description="Types and namespaces"&gt;&lt;ElementKinds&gt;&lt;Kind Name="NAMESPACE" /&gt;&lt;Kind Name="CLASS" /&gt;&lt;Kind Name="STRUCT" /&gt;&lt;Kind Name="ENUM" /&gt;&lt;Kind Name="DELEGATE" /&gt;&lt;/ElementKinds&gt;&lt;/Descriptor&gt;&lt;Policy Inspect="True" Prefix="" Suffix="" Style="AaBb"&gt;&lt;ExtraRule Prefix="I" Suffix="" Style="AaBb" /&gt;&lt;/Policy&gt;&lt;/Policy&gt;</s:String>
+	<s:Boolean x:Key="/Default/Environment/SettingsMigration/IsMigratorApplied/=JetBrains_002EReSharper_002EPsi_002ECSharp_002ECodeStyle_002ESettingsUpgrade_002EPredefinedNamingRulesToUserRulesUpgrade/@EntryIndexedValue">True</s:Boolean>
 	<s:Boolean x:Key="/Default/UserDictionary/Words/=ASET/@EntryIndexedValue">True</s:Boolean>
 	<s:Boolean x:Key="/Default/UserDictionary/Words/=Astc/@EntryIndexedValue">True</s:Boolean>
 	<s:Boolean x:Key="/Default/UserDictionary/Words/=Luma/@EntryIndexedValue">True</s:Boolean>

src/ARMeilleure/Translation/PTC/Ptc.cs

@@ -857,8 +857,14 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation.PTC
 
             Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
 
-            threads.ForEach((thread) => thread.Start());
-            threads.ForEach((thread) => thread.Join());
+            foreach (var thread in threads)
+            {
+                thread.Start();
+            }
+            foreach (var thread in threads)
+            {
+                thread.Join();
+            }
 
             threads.Clear();
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Common/VoiceUpdateState.cs

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Common
     {
         public const int Align = 0x10;
         public const int BiquadStateOffset = 0x0;
-        public const int BiquadStateSize = 0x10;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// The state of the biquad filters of this voice.

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/BiquadFilterHelper.cs

@@ -16,10 +16,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
         /// <param name="parameter">The biquad filter parameter</param>
         /// <param name="state">The biquad filter state</param>
         /// <param name="outputBuffer">The output buffer to write the result</param>
-        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to write the result</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to read the samples from</param>
         /// <param name="sampleCount">The count of samples to process</param>
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        public static void ProcessBiquadFilter(ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter, ref BiquadFilterState state, Span<float> outputBuffer, ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer, uint sampleCount)
+        public static void ProcessBiquadFilter(
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter,
+            ref BiquadFilterState state,
+            Span<float> outputBuffer,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer,
+            uint sampleCount)
         {
             float a0 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
             float a1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
@@ -40,6 +45,96 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply a single biquad filter and mix the result into the output buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This is implemented with a direct form 1.</remarks>
+        /// <param name="parameter">The biquad filter parameter</param>
+        /// <param name="state">The biquad filter state</param>
+        /// <param name="outputBuffer">The output buffer to write the result</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to read the samples from</param>
+        /// <param name="sampleCount">The count of samples to process</param>
+        /// <param name="volume">Mix volume</param>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static void ProcessBiquadFilterAndMix(
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter,
+            ref BiquadFilterState state,
+            Span<float> outputBuffer,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer,
+            uint sampleCount,
+            float volume)
+        {
+            float a0 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float b1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < sampleCount; i++)
+            {
+                float input = inputBuffer[i];
+                float output = input * a0 + state.State0 * a1 + state.State1 * a2 + state.State2 * b1 + state.State3 * b2;
+
+                state.State1 = state.State0;
+                state.State0 = input;
+                state.State3 = state.State2;
+                state.State2 = output;
+
+                outputBuffer[i] += FloatingPointHelper.MultiplyRoundUp(output, volume);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply a single biquad filter and mix the result into the output buffer with volume ramp.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This is implemented with a direct form 1.</remarks>
+        /// <param name="parameter">The biquad filter parameter</param>
+        /// <param name="state">The biquad filter state</param>
+        /// <param name="outputBuffer">The output buffer to write the result</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to read the samples from</param>
+        /// <param name="sampleCount">The count of samples to process</param>
+        /// <param name="volume">Initial mix volume</param>
+        /// <param name="ramp">Volume increment step</param>
+        /// <returns>Last filtered sample value</returns>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static float ProcessBiquadFilterAndMixRamp(
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter,
+            ref BiquadFilterState state,
+            Span<float> outputBuffer,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer,
+            uint sampleCount,
+            float volume,
+            float ramp)
+        {
+            float a0 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float b1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float mixState = 0f;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < sampleCount; i++)
+            {
+                float input = inputBuffer[i];
+                float output = input * a0 + state.State0 * a1 + state.State1 * a2 + state.State2 * b1 + state.State3 * b2;
+
+                state.State1 = state.State0;
+                state.State0 = input;
+                state.State3 = state.State2;
+                state.State2 = output;
+
+                mixState = FloatingPointHelper.MultiplyRoundUp(output, volume);
+
+                outputBuffer[i] += mixState;
+                volume += ramp;
+            }
+
+            return mixState;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Apply multiple biquad filter.
         /// </summary>
@@ -47,10 +142,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
         /// <param name="parameters">The biquad filter parameter</param>
         /// <param name="states">The biquad filter state</param>
         /// <param name="outputBuffer">The output buffer to write the result</param>
-        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to write the result</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to read the samples from</param>
         /// <param name="sampleCount">The count of samples to process</param>
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        public static void ProcessBiquadFilter(ReadOnlySpan<BiquadFilterParameter> parameters, Span<BiquadFilterState> states, Span<float> outputBuffer, ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer, uint sampleCount)
+        public static void ProcessBiquadFilter(
+            ReadOnlySpan<BiquadFilterParameter> parameters,
+            Span<BiquadFilterState> states,
+            Span<float> outputBuffer,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer,
+            uint sampleCount)
         {
             for (int stageIndex = 0; stageIndex < parameters.Length; stageIndex++)
             {
@@ -67,7 +167,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
 
                 for (int i = 0; i < sampleCount; i++)
                 {
-                    float input = inputBuffer[i];
+                    float input = stageIndex != 0 ? outputBuffer[i] : inputBuffer[i];
                     float output = input * a0 + state.State0 * a1 + state.State1 * a2 + state.State2 * b1 + state.State3 * b2;
 
                     state.State1 = state.State0;
@@ -79,5 +179,129 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
                 }
             }
         }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply double biquad filter and mix the result into the output buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This is implemented with a direct form 1.</remarks>
+        /// <param name="parameters">The biquad filter parameter</param>
+        /// <param name="states">The biquad filter state</param>
+        /// <param name="outputBuffer">The output buffer to write the result</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to read the samples from</param>
+        /// <param name="sampleCount">The count of samples to process</param>
+        /// <param name="volume">Mix volume</param>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static void ProcessDoubleBiquadFilterAndMix(
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter0,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter1,
+            ref BiquadFilterState state0,
+            ref BiquadFilterState state1,
+            Span<float> outputBuffer,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer,
+            uint sampleCount,
+            float volume)
+        {
+            float a00 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a10 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a20 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float b10 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b20 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float a01 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a11 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a21 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float b11 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b21 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < sampleCount; i++)
+            {
+                float input = inputBuffer[i];
+                float output = input * a00 + state0.State0 * a10 + state0.State1 * a20 + state0.State2 * b10 + state0.State3 * b20;
+
+                state0.State1 = state0.State0;
+                state0.State0 = input;
+                state0.State3 = state0.State2;
+                state0.State2 = output;
+
+                input = output;
+                output = input * a01 + state1.State0 * a11 + state1.State1 * a21 + state1.State2 * b11 + state1.State3 * b21;
+
+                state1.State1 = state1.State0;
+                state1.State0 = input;
+                state1.State3 = state1.State2;
+                state1.State2 = output;
+
+                outputBuffer[i] += FloatingPointHelper.MultiplyRoundUp(output, volume);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply double biquad filter and mix the result into the output buffer with volume ramp.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This is implemented with a direct form 1.</remarks>
+        /// <param name="parameters">The biquad filter parameter</param>
+        /// <param name="states">The biquad filter state</param>
+        /// <param name="outputBuffer">The output buffer to write the result</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to read the samples from</param>
+        /// <param name="sampleCount">The count of samples to process</param>
+        /// <param name="volume">Initial mix volume</param>
+        /// <param name="ramp">Volume increment step</param>
+        /// <returns>Last filtered sample value</returns>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static float ProcessDoubleBiquadFilterAndMixRamp(
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter0,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter1,
+            ref BiquadFilterState state0,
+            ref BiquadFilterState state1,
+            Span<float> outputBuffer,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer,
+            uint sampleCount,
+            float volume,
+            float ramp)
+        {
+            float a00 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a10 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a20 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float b10 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b20 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float a01 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a11 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a21 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float b11 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b21 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float mixState = 0f;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < sampleCount; i++)
+            {
+                float input = inputBuffer[i];
+                float output = input * a00 + state0.State0 * a10 + state0.State1 * a20 + state0.State2 * b10 + state0.State3 * b20;
+
+                state0.State1 = state0.State0;
+                state0.State0 = input;
+                state0.State3 = state0.State2;
+                state0.State2 = output;
+
+                input = output;
+                output = input * a01 + state1.State0 * a11 + state1.State1 * a21 + state1.State2 * b11 + state1.State3 * b21;
+
+                state1.State1 = state1.State0;
+                state1.State0 = input;
+                state1.State3 = state1.State2;
+                state1.State2 = output;
+
+                mixState = FloatingPointHelper.MultiplyRoundUp(output, volume);
+
+                outputBuffer[i] += mixState;
+                volume += ramp;
+            }
+
+            return mixState;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/BiquadFilterAndMixCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.State;
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
+using System;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
+{
+    public class BiquadFilterAndMixCommand : ICommand
+    {
+        public bool Enabled { get; set; }
+
+        public int NodeId { get; }
+
+        public CommandType CommandType => CommandType.BiquadFilterAndMix;
+
+        public uint EstimatedProcessingTime { get; set; }
+
+        public ushort InputBufferIndex { get; }
+        public ushort OutputBufferIndex { get; }
+
+        private BiquadFilterParameter _parameter;
+
+        public Memory<BiquadFilterState> BiquadFilterState { get; }
+        public Memory<BiquadFilterState> PreviousBiquadFilterState { get; }
+
+        public Memory<VoiceUpdateState> State { get; }
+
+        public int LastSampleIndex { get; }
+
+        public float Volume0 { get; }
+        public float Volume1 { get; }
+
+        public bool NeedInitialization { get; }
+        public bool HasVolumeRamp { get; }
+        public bool IsFirstMixBuffer { get; }
+
+        public BiquadFilterAndMixCommand(
+            float volume0,
+            float volume1,
+            uint inputBufferIndex,
+            uint outputBufferIndex,
+            int lastSampleIndex,
+            Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter filter,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterState,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> previousBiquadFilterState,
+            bool needInitialization,
+            bool hasVolumeRamp,
+            bool isFirstMixBuffer,
+            int nodeId)
+        {
+            Enabled = true;
+            NodeId = nodeId;
+
+            InputBufferIndex = (ushort)inputBufferIndex;
+            OutputBufferIndex = (ushort)outputBufferIndex;
+
+            _parameter = filter;
+            BiquadFilterState = biquadFilterState;
+            PreviousBiquadFilterState = previousBiquadFilterState;
+
+            State = state;
+            LastSampleIndex = lastSampleIndex;
+
+            Volume0 = volume0;
+            Volume1 = volume1;
+
+            NeedInitialization = needInitialization;
+            HasVolumeRamp = hasVolumeRamp;
+            IsFirstMixBuffer = isFirstMixBuffer;
+        }
+
+        public void Process(CommandList context)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer = context.GetBuffer(InputBufferIndex);
+            Span<float> outputBuffer = context.GetBuffer(OutputBufferIndex);
+
+            if (NeedInitialization)
+            {
+                // If there is no previous state, initialize to zero.
+
+                BiquadFilterState.Span[0] = new BiquadFilterState();
+            }
+            else if (IsFirstMixBuffer)
+            {
+                // This is the first buffer, set previous state to current state.
+
+                PreviousBiquadFilterState.Span[0] = BiquadFilterState.Span[0];
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // Rewind the current state by copying back the previous state.
+
+                BiquadFilterState.Span[0] = PreviousBiquadFilterState.Span[0];
+            }
+
+            if (HasVolumeRamp)
+            {
+                float volume = Volume0;
+                float ramp = (Volume1 - Volume0) / (int)context.SampleCount;
+
+                State.Span[0].LastSamples[LastSampleIndex] = BiquadFilterHelper.ProcessBiquadFilterAndMixRamp(
+                    ref _parameter,
+                    ref BiquadFilterState.Span[0],
+                    outputBuffer,
+                    inputBuffer,
+                    context.SampleCount,
+                    volume,
+                    ramp);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                BiquadFilterHelper.ProcessBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                    ref _parameter,
+                    ref BiquadFilterState.Span[0],
+                    outputBuffer,
+                    inputBuffer,
+                    context.SampleCount,
+                    Volume1);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/CommandType.cs

@@ -30,8 +30,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
         CopyMixBuffer,
         LimiterVersion1,
         LimiterVersion2,
-        GroupedBiquadFilter,
+        MultiTapBiquadFilter,
         CaptureBuffer,
         Compressor,
+        BiquadFilterAndMix,
+        MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMix,
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/MixRampGroupedCommand.cs

@@ -24,7 +24,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
 
         public Memory<VoiceUpdateState> State { get; }
 
-        public MixRampGroupedCommand(uint mixBufferCount, uint inputBufferIndex, uint outputBufferIndex, Span<float> volume0, Span<float> volume1, Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state, int nodeId)
+        public MixRampGroupedCommand(
+            uint mixBufferCount,
+            uint inputBufferIndex,
+            uint outputBufferIndex,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> volume0,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> volume1,
+            Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state,
+            int nodeId)
         {
             Enabled = true;
             MixBufferCount = mixBufferCount;
@@ -48,7 +55,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
         }
 
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        private static float ProcessMixRampGrouped(Span<float> outputBuffer, ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer, float volume0, float volume1, int sampleCount)
+        private static float ProcessMixRampGrouped(
+            Span<float> outputBuffer,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer,
+            float volume0,
+            float volume1,
+            int sampleCount)
         {
             float ramp = (volume1 - volume0) / sampleCount;
             float volume = volume0;

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.State;
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
+using System;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
+{
+    public class MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand : ICommand
+    {
+        public bool Enabled { get; set; }
+
+        public int NodeId { get; }
+
+        public CommandType CommandType => CommandType.MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMix;
+
+        public uint EstimatedProcessingTime { get; set; }
+
+        public ushort InputBufferIndex { get; }
+        public ushort OutputBufferIndex { get; }
+
+        private BiquadFilterParameter _parameter0;
+        private BiquadFilterParameter _parameter1;
+
+        public Memory<BiquadFilterState> BiquadFilterState0 { get; }
+        public Memory<BiquadFilterState> BiquadFilterState1 { get; }
+        public Memory<BiquadFilterState> PreviousBiquadFilterState0 { get; }
+        public Memory<BiquadFilterState> PreviousBiquadFilterState1 { get; }
+
+        public Memory<VoiceUpdateState> State { get; }
+
+        public int LastSampleIndex { get; }
+
+        public float Volume0 { get; }
+        public float Volume1 { get; }
+
+        public bool NeedInitialization0 { get; }
+        public bool NeedInitialization1 { get; }
+        public bool HasVolumeRamp { get; }
+        public bool IsFirstMixBuffer { get; }
+
+        public MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand(
+            float volume0,
+            float volume1,
+            uint inputBufferIndex,
+            uint outputBufferIndex,
+            int lastSampleIndex,
+            Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter filter0,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter filter1,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterState0,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterState1,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> previousBiquadFilterState0,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> previousBiquadFilterState1,
+            bool needInitialization0,
+            bool needInitialization1,
+            bool hasVolumeRamp,
+            bool isFirstMixBuffer,
+            int nodeId)
+        {
+            Enabled = true;
+            NodeId = nodeId;
+
+            InputBufferIndex = (ushort)inputBufferIndex;
+            OutputBufferIndex = (ushort)outputBufferIndex;
+
+            _parameter0 = filter0;
+            _parameter1 = filter1;
+            BiquadFilterState0 = biquadFilterState0;
+            BiquadFilterState1 = biquadFilterState1;
+            PreviousBiquadFilterState0 = previousBiquadFilterState0;
+            PreviousBiquadFilterState1 = previousBiquadFilterState1;
+
+            State = state;
+            LastSampleIndex = lastSampleIndex;
+
+            Volume0 = volume0;
+            Volume1 = volume1;
+
+            NeedInitialization0 = needInitialization0;
+            NeedInitialization1 = needInitialization1;
+            HasVolumeRamp = hasVolumeRamp;
+            IsFirstMixBuffer = isFirstMixBuffer;
+        }
+
+        private void UpdateState(Memory<BiquadFilterState> state, Memory<BiquadFilterState> previousState, bool needInitialization)
+        {
+            if (needInitialization)
+            {
+                // If there is no previous state, initialize to zero.
+
+                state.Span[0] = new BiquadFilterState();
+            }
+            else if (IsFirstMixBuffer)
+            {
+                // This is the first buffer, set previous state to current state.
+
+                previousState.Span[0] = state.Span[0];
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // Rewind the current state by copying back the previous state.
+
+                state.Span[0] = previousState.Span[0];
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Process(CommandList context)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer = context.GetBuffer(InputBufferIndex);
+            Span<float> outputBuffer = context.GetBuffer(OutputBufferIndex);
+
+            UpdateState(BiquadFilterState0, PreviousBiquadFilterState0, NeedInitialization0);
+            UpdateState(BiquadFilterState1, PreviousBiquadFilterState1, NeedInitialization1);
+
+            if (HasVolumeRamp)
+            {
+                float volume = Volume0;
+                float ramp = (Volume1 - Volume0) / (int)context.SampleCount;
+
+                State.Span[0].LastSamples[LastSampleIndex] = BiquadFilterHelper.ProcessDoubleBiquadFilterAndMixRamp(
+                    ref _parameter0,
+                    ref _parameter1,
+                    ref BiquadFilterState0.Span[0],
+                    ref BiquadFilterState1.Span[0],
+                    outputBuffer,
+                    inputBuffer,
+                    context.SampleCount,
+                    volume,
+                    ramp);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                BiquadFilterHelper.ProcessDoubleBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                    ref _parameter0,
+                    ref _parameter1,
+                    ref BiquadFilterState0.Span[0],
+                    ref BiquadFilterState1.Span[0],
+                    outputBuffer,
+                    inputBuffer,
+                    context.SampleCount,
+                    Volume1);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand.cs

@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ using System;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
 {
-    public class GroupedBiquadFilterCommand : ICommand
+    public class MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand : ICommand
     {
         public bool Enabled { get; set; }
 
         public int NodeId { get; }
 
-        public CommandType CommandType => CommandType.GroupedBiquadFilter;
+        public CommandType CommandType => CommandType.MultiTapBiquadFilter;
 
         public uint EstimatedProcessingTime { get; set; }
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
         private readonly int _outputBufferIndex;
         private readonly bool[] _isInitialized;
 
-        public GroupedBiquadFilterCommand(int baseIndex, ReadOnlySpan<BiquadFilterParameter> filters, Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterStateMemory, int inputBufferOffset, int outputBufferOffset, ReadOnlySpan<bool> isInitialized, int nodeId)
+        public MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand(int baseIndex, ReadOnlySpan<BiquadFilterParameter> filters, Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterStateMemory, int inputBufferOffset, int outputBufferOffset, ReadOnlySpan<bool> isInitialized, int nodeId)
         {
             _parameters = filters.ToArray();
             _biquadFilterStates = biquadFilterStateMemory;

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/State/BiquadFilterState.cs

@@ -2,12 +2,16 @@ using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.State
 {
-    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Pack = 1, Size = 0x10)]
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Pack = 1, Size = 0x20)]
     public struct BiquadFilterState
     {
         public float State0;
         public float State1;
         public float State2;
         public float State3;
+        public float State4;
+        public float State5;
+        public float State6;
+        public float State7;
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Parameter/ISplitterDestinationInParameter.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
+using System;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Generic interface for the splitter destination parameters.
+    /// </summary>
+    public interface ISplitterDestinationInParameter
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Target splitter destination data id.
+        /// </summary>
+        int Id { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The mix to output the result of the splitter.
+        /// </summary>
+        int DestinationId { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Biquad filter parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        Array2<BiquadFilterParameter> BiquadFilters { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set to true if in use.
+        /// </summary>
+        bool IsUsed { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mix buffer volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
+        Span<float> MixBufferVolume { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check if the magic is valid.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Returns true if the magic is valid.</returns>
+        bool IsMagicValid();
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Parameter/SplitterDestinationInParameterVersion1.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
@@ -5,10 +6,10 @@ using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter
 {
     /// <summary>
-    /// Input header for a splitter destination update.
+    /// Input header for a splitter destination version 1 update.
     /// </summary>
     [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Pack = 1)]
-    public struct SplitterDestinationInParameter
+    public struct SplitterDestinationInParameterVersion1 : ISplitterDestinationInParameter
     {
         /// <summary>
         /// Magic of the input header.
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter
         /// </summary>
         private unsafe fixed byte _reserved[3];
 
-        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = 4 * Constants.MixBufferCountMax, Pack = 1)]
+        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = sizeof(float) * Constants.MixBufferCountMax, Pack = 1)]
         private struct MixArray { }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -50,6 +51,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter
         /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
         public Span<float> MixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _mixBufferVolume);
 
+        readonly int ISplitterDestinationInParameter.Id => Id;
+
+        readonly int ISplitterDestinationInParameter.DestinationId => DestinationId;
+
+        readonly Array2<BiquadFilterParameter> ISplitterDestinationInParameter.BiquadFilters => default;
+
+        readonly bool ISplitterDestinationInParameter.IsUsed => IsUsed;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// The expected constant of any input header.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Parameter/SplitterDestinationInParameterVersion2.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Input header for a splitter destination version 2 update.
+    /// </summary>
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Pack = 1)]
+    public struct SplitterDestinationInParameterVersion2 : ISplitterDestinationInParameter
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Magic of the input header.
+        /// </summary>
+        public uint Magic;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Target splitter destination data id.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Id;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mix buffer volumes storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        private MixArray _mixBufferVolume;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The mix to output the result of the splitter.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int DestinationId;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Biquad filter parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        public Array2<BiquadFilterParameter> BiquadFilters;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set to true if in use.
+        /// </summary>
+        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
+        public bool IsUsed;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reserved/padding.
+        /// </summary>
+        private unsafe fixed byte _reserved[11];
+
+        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = sizeof(float) * Constants.MixBufferCountMax, Pack = 1)]
+        private struct MixArray { }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mix buffer volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
+        public Span<float> MixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _mixBufferVolume);
+
+        readonly int ISplitterDestinationInParameter.Id => Id;
+
+        readonly int ISplitterDestinationInParameter.DestinationId => DestinationId;
+
+        readonly Array2<BiquadFilterParameter> ISplitterDestinationInParameter.BiquadFilters => BiquadFilters;
+
+        readonly bool ISplitterDestinationInParameter.IsUsed => IsUsed;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The expected constant of any input header.
+        /// </summary>
+        private const uint ValidMagic = 0x44444E53;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check if the magic is valid.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Returns true if the magic is valid.</returns>
+        public readonly bool IsMagicValid()
+        {
+            return Magic == ValidMagic;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/AudioRenderSystem.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Integration;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command;
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.State;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Effect;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.MemoryPool;
@@ -173,6 +174,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                 return ResultCode.WorkBufferTooSmall;
             }
 
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> splitterBqfStates = Memory<BiquadFilterState>.Empty;
+
+            if (_behaviourContext.IsBiquadFilterParameterForSplitterEnabled() &&
+                parameter.SplitterCount > 0 &&
+                parameter.SplitterDestinationCount > 0)
+            {
+                splitterBqfStates = workBufferAllocator.Allocate<BiquadFilterState>(parameter.SplitterDestinationCount * SplitterContext.BqfStatesPerDestination, 0x10);
+
+                if (splitterBqfStates.IsEmpty)
+                {
+                    return ResultCode.WorkBufferTooSmall;
+                }
+
+                splitterBqfStates.Span.Clear();
+            }
+
             // Invalidate DSP cache on what was currently allocated with workBuffer.
             AudioProcessorMemoryManager.InvalidateDspCache(_dspMemoryPoolState.Translate(workBuffer, workBufferAllocator.Offset), workBufferAllocator.Offset);
 
@@ -292,7 +309,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                 state = MemoryPoolState.Create(MemoryPoolState.LocationType.Cpu);
             }
 
-            if (!_splitterContext.Initialize(ref _behaviourContext, ref parameter, workBufferAllocator))
+            if (!_splitterContext.Initialize(ref _behaviourContext, ref parameter, workBufferAllocator, splitterBqfStates))
             {
                 return ResultCode.WorkBufferTooSmall;
             }
@@ -775,6 +792,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             // Splitter
             size = SplitterContext.GetWorkBufferSize(size, ref behaviourContext, ref parameter);
 
+            if (behaviourContext.IsBiquadFilterParameterForSplitterEnabled() &&
+                parameter.SplitterCount > 0 &&
+                parameter.SplitterDestinationCount > 0)
+            {
+                size = WorkBufferAllocator.GetTargetSize<BiquadFilterState>(size, parameter.SplitterDestinationCount * SplitterContext.BqfStatesPerDestination, 0x10);
+            }
+
             // DSP Voice
             size = WorkBufferAllocator.GetTargetSize<VoiceUpdateState>(size, parameter.VoiceCount, VoiceUpdateState.Align);
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/BehaviourContext.cs

@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         /// <see cref="Parameter.RendererInfoOutStatus"/> was added to supply the count of update done sent to the DSP.
         /// A new version of the command estimator was added to address timing changes caused by the voice changes.
         /// Additionally, the rendering limit percent was incremented to 80%.
-        ///
         /// </summary>
         /// <remarks>This was added in system update 6.0.0</remarks>
         public const int Revision5 = 5 << 24;
@@ -101,10 +100,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         /// <remarks>This was added in system update 14.0.0 but some changes were made in 15.0.0</remarks>
         public const int Revision11 = 11 << 24;
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// REV12:
+        /// Two new commands were added to for biquad filtering and mixing (with optinal volume ramp) on the same command.
+        /// Splitter destinations can now specify up to two biquad filtering parameters, used for filtering the buffer before mixing.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This was added in system update 17.0.0</remarks>
+        public const int Revision12 = 12 << 24;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Last revision supported by the implementation.
         /// </summary>
-        public const int LastRevision = Revision11;
+        public const int LastRevision = Revision12;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Target revision magic supported by the implementation.
@@ -354,7 +361,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         /// Check if the audio renderer should use an optimized Biquad Filter (Direct Form 1) in case of two biquad filters are defined on a voice.
         /// </summary>
         /// <returns>True if the audio renderer should use the optimization.</returns>
-        public bool IsBiquadFilterGroupedOptimizationSupported()
+        public bool UseMultiTapBiquadFilterProcessing()
         {
             return CheckFeatureSupported(UserRevision, BaseRevisionMagic + Revision10);
         }
@@ -368,6 +375,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             return CheckFeatureSupported(UserRevision, BaseRevisionMagic + Revision11);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check if the audio renderer should support biquad filter on splitter.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if the audio renderer support biquad filter on splitter</returns>
+        public bool IsBiquadFilterParameterForSplitterEnabled()
+        {
+            return CheckFeatureSupported(UserRevision, BaseRevisionMagic + Revision12);
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Get the version of the <see cref="ICommandProcessingTimeEstimator"/>.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/CommandBuffer.cs

@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Create a new <see cref="GroupedBiquadFilterCommand"/>.
+        /// Create a new <see cref="MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand"/>.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="baseIndex">The base index of the input and output buffer.</param>
         /// <param name="filters">The biquad filter parameters.</param>
@@ -213,9 +213,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         /// <param name="outputBufferOffset">The output buffer offset.</param>
         /// <param name="isInitialized">Set to true if the biquad filter state is initialized.</param>
         /// <param name="nodeId">The node id associated to this command.</param>
-        public void GenerateGroupedBiquadFilter(int baseIndex, ReadOnlySpan<BiquadFilterParameter> filters, Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterStatesMemory, int inputBufferOffset, int outputBufferOffset, ReadOnlySpan<bool> isInitialized, int nodeId)
+        public void GenerateMultiTapBiquadFilter(int baseIndex, ReadOnlySpan<BiquadFilterParameter> filters, Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterStatesMemory, int inputBufferOffset, int outputBufferOffset, ReadOnlySpan<bool> isInitialized, int nodeId)
         {
-            GroupedBiquadFilterCommand command = new(baseIndex, filters, biquadFilterStatesMemory, inputBufferOffset, outputBufferOffset, isInitialized, nodeId);
+            MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand command = new(baseIndex, filters, biquadFilterStatesMemory, inputBufferOffset, outputBufferOffset, isInitialized, nodeId);
 
             command.EstimatedProcessingTime = _commandProcessingTimeEstimator.Estimate(command);
 
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         /// <param name="volume">The new volume.</param>
         /// <param name="state">The <see cref="VoiceUpdateState"/> to generate the command from.</param>
         /// <param name="nodeId">The node id associated to this command.</param>
-        public void GenerateMixRampGrouped(uint mixBufferCount, uint inputBufferIndex, uint outputBufferIndex, Span<float> previousVolume, Span<float> volume, Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state, int nodeId)
+        public void GenerateMixRampGrouped(uint mixBufferCount, uint inputBufferIndex, uint outputBufferIndex, ReadOnlySpan<float> previousVolume, ReadOnlySpan<float> volume, Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state, int nodeId)
         {
             MixRampGroupedCommand command = new(mixBufferCount, inputBufferIndex, outputBufferIndex, previousVolume, volume, state, nodeId);
 
@@ -260,6 +260,120 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             AddCommand(command);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generate a new <see cref="BiquadFilterAndMixCommand"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="previousVolume">The previous volume.</param>
+        /// <param name="volume">The new volume.</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBufferIndex">The input buffer index.</param>
+        /// <param name="outputBufferIndex">The output buffer index.</param>
+        /// <param name="lastSampleIndex">The index in the <see cref="VoiceUpdateState.LastSamples"/> array to store the ramped sample.</param>
+        /// <param name="state">The <see cref="VoiceUpdateState"/> to generate the command from.</param>
+        /// <param name="filter">The biquad filter parameter.</param>
+        /// <param name="biquadFilterState">The biquad state.</param>
+        /// <param name="previousBiquadFilterState">The previous biquad state.</param>
+        /// <param name="needInitialization">Set to true if the biquad filter state needs to be initialized.</param>
+        /// <param name="hasVolumeRamp">Set to true if the mix has volume ramp, and <paramref name="previousVolume"/> should be taken into account.</param>
+        /// <param name="isFirstMixBuffer">Set to true if the buffer is the first mix buffer.</param>
+        /// <param name="nodeId">The node id associated to this command.</param>
+        public void GenerateBiquadFilterAndMix(
+            float previousVolume,
+            float volume,
+            uint inputBufferIndex,
+            uint outputBufferIndex,
+            int lastSampleIndex,
+            Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter filter,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterState,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> previousBiquadFilterState,
+            bool needInitialization,
+            bool hasVolumeRamp,
+            bool isFirstMixBuffer,
+            int nodeId)
+        {
+            BiquadFilterAndMixCommand command = new(
+                previousVolume,
+                volume,
+                inputBufferIndex,
+                outputBufferIndex,
+                lastSampleIndex,
+                state,
+                ref filter,
+                biquadFilterState,
+                previousBiquadFilterState,
+                needInitialization,
+                hasVolumeRamp,
+                isFirstMixBuffer,
+                nodeId);
+
+            command.EstimatedProcessingTime = _commandProcessingTimeEstimator.Estimate(command);
+
+            AddCommand(command);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generate a new <see cref="MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="previousVolume">The previous volume.</param>
+        /// <param name="volume">The new volume.</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBufferIndex">The input buffer index.</param>
+        /// <param name="outputBufferIndex">The output buffer index.</param>
+        /// <param name="lastSampleIndex">The index in the <see cref="VoiceUpdateState.LastSamples"/> array to store the ramped sample.</param>
+        /// <param name="state">The <see cref="VoiceUpdateState"/> to generate the command from.</param>
+        /// <param name="filter0">First biquad filter parameter.</param>
+        /// <param name="filter1">Second biquad filter parameter.</param>
+        /// <param name="biquadFilterState0">First biquad state.</param>
+        /// <param name="biquadFilterState1">Second biquad state.</param>
+        /// <param name="previousBiquadFilterState0">First previous biquad state.</param>
+        /// <param name="previousBiquadFilterState1">Second previous biquad state.</param>
+        /// <param name="needInitialization0">Set to true if the first biquad filter state needs to be initialized.</param>
+        /// <param name="needInitialization1">Set to true if the second biquad filter state needs to be initialized.</param>
+        /// <param name="hasVolumeRamp">Set to true if the mix has volume ramp, and <paramref name="previousVolume"/> should be taken into account.</param>
+        /// <param name="isFirstMixBuffer">Set to true if the buffer is the first mix buffer.</param>
+        /// <param name="nodeId">The node id associated to this command.</param>
+        public void GenerateMultiTapBiquadFilterAndMix(
+            float previousVolume,
+            float volume,
+            uint inputBufferIndex,
+            uint outputBufferIndex,
+            int lastSampleIndex,
+            Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter filter0,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter filter1,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterState0,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterState1,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> previousBiquadFilterState0,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> previousBiquadFilterState1,
+            bool needInitialization0,
+            bool needInitialization1,
+            bool hasVolumeRamp,
+            bool isFirstMixBuffer,
+            int nodeId)
+        {
+            MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand command = new(
+                previousVolume,
+                volume,
+                inputBufferIndex,
+                outputBufferIndex,
+                lastSampleIndex,
+                state,
+                ref filter0,
+                ref filter1,
+                biquadFilterState0,
+                biquadFilterState1,
+                previousBiquadFilterState0,
+                previousBiquadFilterState1,
+                needInitialization0,
+                needInitialization1,
+                hasVolumeRamp,
+                isFirstMixBuffer,
+                nodeId);
+
+            command.EstimatedProcessingTime = _commandProcessingTimeEstimator.Estimate(command);
+
+            AddCommand(command);
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Generate a new <see cref="DepopForMixBuffersCommand"/>.
         /// </summary>
@@ -268,7 +382,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         /// <param name="bufferCount">The buffer count.</param>
         /// <param name="nodeId">The node id associated to this command.</param>
         /// <param name="sampleRate">The target sample rate in use.</param>
-        public void GenerateDepopForMixBuffersCommand(Memory<float> depopBuffer, uint bufferOffset, uint bufferCount, int nodeId, uint sampleRate)
+        public void GenerateDepopForMixBuffers(Memory<float> depopBuffer, uint bufferOffset, uint bufferCount, int nodeId, uint sampleRate)
         {
             DepopForMixBuffersCommand command = new(depopBuffer, bufferOffset, bufferCount, nodeId, sampleRate);
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/CommandGenerator.cs

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Voice;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Utils;
 using System;
 using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 {
@@ -46,12 +47,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             {
                 ref MixState mix = ref _mixContext.GetState(voiceState.MixId);
 
-                _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopPrepare(dspState,
-                                                    _rendererContext.DepopBuffer,
-                                                    mix.BufferCount,
-                                                    mix.BufferOffset,
-                                                    voiceState.NodeId,
-                                                    voiceState.WasPlaying);
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopPrepare(
+                    dspState,
+                    _rendererContext.DepopBuffer,
+                    mix.BufferCount,
+                    mix.BufferOffset,
+                    voiceState.NodeId,
+                    voiceState.WasPlaying);
             }
             else if (voiceState.SplitterId != Constants.UnusedSplitterId)
             {
@@ -59,15 +61,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                 while (true)
                 {
-                    Span<SplitterDestination> destinationSpan = _splitterContext.GetDestination((int)voiceState.SplitterId, destinationId++);
+                    SplitterDestination destination = _splitterContext.GetDestination((int)voiceState.SplitterId, destinationId++);
 
-                    if (destinationSpan.IsEmpty)
+                    if (destination.IsNull)
                     {
                         break;
                     }
 
-                    ref SplitterDestination destination = ref destinationSpan[0];
-
                     if (destination.IsConfigured())
                     {
                         int mixId = destination.DestinationId;
@@ -76,12 +76,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                         {
                             ref MixState mix = ref _mixContext.GetState(mixId);
 
-                            _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopPrepare(dspState,
-                                                                _rendererContext.DepopBuffer,
-                                                                mix.BufferCount,
-                                                                mix.BufferOffset,
-                                                                voiceState.NodeId,
-                                                                voiceState.WasPlaying);
+                            _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopPrepare(
+                                dspState,
+                                _rendererContext.DepopBuffer,
+                                mix.BufferCount,
+                                mix.BufferOffset,
+                                voiceState.NodeId,
+                                voiceState.WasPlaying);
 
                             destination.MarkAsNeedToUpdateInternalState();
                         }
@@ -95,35 +96,39 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                 if (_rendererContext.BehaviourContext.IsWaveBufferVersion2Supported())
                 {
-                    _commandBuffer.GenerateDataSourceVersion2(ref voiceState,
-                                                              dspState,
-                                                              (ushort)_rendererContext.MixBufferCount,
-                                                              (ushort)channelIndex,
-                                                              voiceState.NodeId);
+                    _commandBuffer.GenerateDataSourceVersion2(
+                        ref voiceState,
+                        dspState,
+                        (ushort)_rendererContext.MixBufferCount,
+                        (ushort)channelIndex,
+                        voiceState.NodeId);
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     switch (voiceState.SampleFormat)
                     {
                         case SampleFormat.PcmInt16:
-                            _commandBuffer.GeneratePcmInt16DataSourceVersion1(ref voiceState,
-                                                                              dspState,
-                                                                              (ushort)_rendererContext.MixBufferCount,
-                                                                              (ushort)channelIndex,
-                                                                              voiceState.NodeId);
+                            _commandBuffer.GeneratePcmInt16DataSourceVersion1(
+                                ref voiceState,
+                                dspState,
+                                (ushort)_rendererContext.MixBufferCount,
+                                (ushort)channelIndex,
+                                voiceState.NodeId);
                             break;
                         case SampleFormat.PcmFloat:
-                            _commandBuffer.GeneratePcmFloatDataSourceVersion1(ref voiceState,
-                                                                              dspState,
-                                                                              (ushort)_rendererContext.MixBufferCount,
-                                                                              (ushort)channelIndex,
-                                                                              voiceState.NodeId);
+                            _commandBuffer.GeneratePcmFloatDataSourceVersion1(
+                                ref voiceState,
+                                dspState,
+                                (ushort)_rendererContext.MixBufferCount,
+                                (ushort)channelIndex,
+                                voiceState.NodeId);
                             break;
                         case SampleFormat.Adpcm:
-                            _commandBuffer.GenerateAdpcmDataSourceVersion1(ref voiceState,
-                                                                           dspState,
-                                                                           (ushort)_rendererContext.MixBufferCount,
-                                                                           voiceState.NodeId);
+                            _commandBuffer.GenerateAdpcmDataSourceVersion1(
+                                ref voiceState,
+                                dspState,
+                                (ushort)_rendererContext.MixBufferCount,
+                                voiceState.NodeId);
                             break;
                         default:
                             throw new NotImplementedException($"Unsupported data source {voiceState.SampleFormat}");
@@ -134,14 +139,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
         private void GenerateBiquadFilterForVoice(ref VoiceState voiceState, Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state, int baseIndex, int bufferOffset, int nodeId)
         {
-            bool supportsOptimizedPath = _rendererContext.BehaviourContext.IsBiquadFilterGroupedOptimizationSupported();
+            bool supportsOptimizedPath = _rendererContext.BehaviourContext.UseMultiTapBiquadFilterProcessing();
 
             if (supportsOptimizedPath && voiceState.BiquadFilters[0].Enable && voiceState.BiquadFilters[1].Enable)
             {
-                Memory<byte> biquadStateRawMemory = SpanMemoryManager<byte>.Cast(state)[..(VoiceUpdateState.BiquadStateSize * Constants.VoiceBiquadFilterCount)];
+                Memory<byte> biquadStateRawMemory = SpanMemoryManager<byte>.Cast(state)[..(Unsafe.SizeOf<BiquadFilterState>() * Constants.VoiceBiquadFilterCount)];
                 Memory<BiquadFilterState> stateMemory = SpanMemoryManager<BiquadFilterState>.Cast(biquadStateRawMemory);
 
-                _commandBuffer.GenerateGroupedBiquadFilter(baseIndex, voiceState.BiquadFilters.AsSpan(), stateMemory, bufferOffset, bufferOffset, voiceState.BiquadFilterNeedInitialization, nodeId);
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateMultiTapBiquadFilter(baseIndex, voiceState.BiquadFilters.AsSpan(), stateMemory, bufferOffset, bufferOffset, voiceState.BiquadFilterNeedInitialization, nodeId);
             }
             else
             {
@@ -151,33 +156,134 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                     if (filter.Enable)
                     {
-                        Memory<byte> biquadStateRawMemory = SpanMemoryManager<byte>.Cast(state)[..(VoiceUpdateState.BiquadStateSize * Constants.VoiceBiquadFilterCount)];
-
+                        Memory<byte> biquadStateRawMemory = SpanMemoryManager<byte>.Cast(state)[..(Unsafe.SizeOf<BiquadFilterState>() * Constants.VoiceBiquadFilterCount)];
                         Memory<BiquadFilterState> stateMemory = SpanMemoryManager<BiquadFilterState>.Cast(biquadStateRawMemory);
 
-                        _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilter(baseIndex,
-                                                            ref filter,
-                                                            stateMemory.Slice(i, 1),
-                                                            bufferOffset,
-                                                            bufferOffset,
-                                                            !voiceState.BiquadFilterNeedInitialization[i],
-                                                            nodeId);
+                        _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilter(
+                            baseIndex,
+                            ref filter,
+                            stateMemory.Slice(i, 1),
+                            bufferOffset,
+                            bufferOffset,
+                            !voiceState.BiquadFilterNeedInitialization[i],
+                            nodeId);
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        private void GenerateVoiceMix(Span<float> mixVolumes, Span<float> previousMixVolumes, Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state, uint bufferOffset, uint bufferCount, uint bufferIndex, int nodeId)
+        private void GenerateVoiceMixWithSplitter(
+            SplitterDestination destination,
+            Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state,
+            uint bufferOffset,
+            uint bufferCount,
+            uint bufferIndex,
+            int nodeId)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> mixVolumes = destination.MixBufferVolume;
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> previousMixVolumes = destination.PreviousMixBufferVolume;
+
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter bqf0 = ref destination.GetBiquadFilterParameter(0);
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter bqf1 = ref destination.GetBiquadFilterParameter(1);
+
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> bqfState = _splitterContext.GetBiquadFilterState(destination);
+
+            bool isFirstMixBuffer = true;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < bufferCount; i++)
+            {
+                float previousMixVolume = previousMixVolumes[i];
+                float mixVolume = mixVolumes[i];
+
+                if (mixVolume != 0.0f || previousMixVolume != 0.0f)
+                {
+                    if (bqf0.Enable && bqf1.Enable)
+                    {
+                        _commandBuffer.GenerateMultiTapBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                            previousMixVolume,
+                            mixVolume,
+                            bufferIndex,
+                            bufferOffset + (uint)i,
+                            i,
+                            state,
+                            ref bqf0,
+                            ref bqf1,
+                            bqfState[..1],
+                            bqfState.Slice(1, 1),
+                            bqfState.Slice(2, 1),
+                            bqfState.Slice(3, 1),
+                            !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                            !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                            true,
+                            isFirstMixBuffer,
+                            nodeId);
+
+                        destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(0);
+                        destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(1);
+                    }
+                    else if (bqf0.Enable)
+                    {
+                        _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                            previousMixVolume,
+                            mixVolume,
+                            bufferIndex,
+                            bufferOffset + (uint)i,
+                            i,
+                            state,
+                            ref bqf0,
+                            bqfState[..1],
+                            bqfState.Slice(1, 1),
+                            !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                            true,
+                            isFirstMixBuffer,
+                            nodeId);
+
+                        destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(0);
+                    }
+                    else if (bqf1.Enable)
+                    {
+                        _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                            previousMixVolume,
+                            mixVolume,
+                            bufferIndex,
+                            bufferOffset + (uint)i,
+                            i,
+                            state,
+                            ref bqf1,
+                            bqfState[..1],
+                            bqfState.Slice(1, 1),
+                            !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                            true,
+                            isFirstMixBuffer,
+                            nodeId);
+
+                        destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(1);
+                    }
+
+                    isFirstMixBuffer = false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void GenerateVoiceMix(
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> mixVolumes,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> previousMixVolumes,
+            Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state,
+            uint bufferOffset,
+            uint bufferCount,
+            uint bufferIndex,
+            int nodeId)
         {
             if (bufferCount > Constants.VoiceChannelCountMax)
             {
-                _commandBuffer.GenerateMixRampGrouped(bufferCount,
-                                                      bufferIndex,
-                                                      bufferOffset,
-                                                      previousMixVolumes,
-                                                      mixVolumes,
-                                                      state,
-                                                      nodeId);
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateMixRampGrouped(
+                    bufferCount,
+                    bufferIndex,
+                    bufferOffset,
+                    previousMixVolumes,
+                    mixVolumes,
+                    state,
+                    nodeId);
             }
             else
             {
@@ -188,13 +294,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                     if (mixVolume != 0.0f || previousMixVolume != 0.0f)
                     {
-                        _commandBuffer.GenerateMixRamp(previousMixVolume,
-                                                       mixVolume,
-                                                       bufferIndex,
-                                                       bufferOffset + (uint)i,
-                                                       i,
-                                                       state,
-                                                       nodeId);
+                        _commandBuffer.GenerateMixRamp(
+                            previousMixVolume,
+                            mixVolume,
+                            bufferIndex,
+                            bufferOffset + (uint)i,
+                            i,
+                            state,
+                            nodeId);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -271,10 +378,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                         GeneratePerformance(ref performanceEntry, PerformanceCommand.Type.Start, nodeId);
                     }
 
-                    _commandBuffer.GenerateVolumeRamp(voiceState.PreviousVolume,
-                                                      voiceState.Volume,
-                                                      _rendererContext.MixBufferCount + (uint)channelIndex,
-                                                      nodeId);
+                    _commandBuffer.GenerateVolumeRamp(
+                        voiceState.PreviousVolume,
+                        voiceState.Volume,
+                        _rendererContext.MixBufferCount + (uint)channelIndex,
+                        nodeId);
 
                     if (performanceInitialized)
                     {
@@ -291,15 +399,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                             while (true)
                             {
-                                Span<SplitterDestination> destinationSpan = _splitterContext.GetDestination((int)voiceState.SplitterId, destinationId);
+                                SplitterDestination destination = _splitterContext.GetDestination((int)voiceState.SplitterId, destinationId);
 
-                                if (destinationSpan.IsEmpty)
+                                if (destination.IsNull)
                                 {
                                     break;
                                 }
 
-                                ref SplitterDestination destination = ref destinationSpan[0];
-
                                 destinationId += (int)channelsCount;
 
                                 if (destination.IsConfigured())
@@ -310,13 +416,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                                     {
                                         ref MixState mix = ref _mixContext.GetState(mixId);
 
-                                        GenerateVoiceMix(destination.MixBufferVolume,
-                                                         destination.PreviousMixBufferVolume,
-                                                         dspStateMemory,
-                                                         mix.BufferOffset,
-                                                         mix.BufferCount,
-                                                         _rendererContext.MixBufferCount + (uint)channelIndex,
-                                                         nodeId);
+                                        if (destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabled())
+                                        {
+                                            GenerateVoiceMixWithSplitter(
+                                                destination,
+                                                dspStateMemory,
+                                                mix.BufferOffset,
+                                                mix.BufferCount,
+                                                _rendererContext.MixBufferCount + (uint)channelIndex,
+                                                nodeId);
+                                        }
+                                        else
+                                        {
+                                            GenerateVoiceMix(
+                                                destination.MixBufferVolume,
+                                                destination.PreviousMixBufferVolume,
+                                                dspStateMemory,
+                                                mix.BufferOffset,
+                                                mix.BufferCount,
+                                                _rendererContext.MixBufferCount + (uint)channelIndex,
+                                                nodeId);
+                                        }
 
                                         destination.MarkAsNeedToUpdateInternalState();
                                     }
@@ -337,13 +457,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                             GeneratePerformance(ref performanceEntry, PerformanceCommand.Type.Start, nodeId);
                         }
 
-                        GenerateVoiceMix(channelResource.Mix.AsSpan(),
-                                         channelResource.PreviousMix.AsSpan(),
-                                         dspStateMemory,
-                                         mix.BufferOffset,
-                                         mix.BufferCount,
-                                         _rendererContext.MixBufferCount + (uint)channelIndex,
-                                         nodeId);
+                        GenerateVoiceMix(
+                            channelResource.Mix.AsSpan(),
+                            channelResource.PreviousMix.AsSpan(),
+                            dspStateMemory,
+                            mix.BufferOffset,
+                            mix.BufferCount,
+                            _rendererContext.MixBufferCount + (uint)channelIndex,
+                            nodeId);
 
                         if (performanceInitialized)
                         {
@@ -409,10 +530,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                 {
                     if (effect.Parameter.Volumes[i] != 0.0f)
                     {
-                        _commandBuffer.GenerateMix((uint)bufferOffset + effect.Parameter.Input[i],
-                                                   (uint)bufferOffset + effect.Parameter.Output[i],
-                                                   nodeId,
-                                                   effect.Parameter.Volumes[i]);
+                        _commandBuffer.GenerateMix(
+                            (uint)bufferOffset + effect.Parameter.Input[i],
+                            (uint)bufferOffset + effect.Parameter.Output[i],
+                            nodeId,
+                            effect.Parameter.Volumes[i]);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -447,17 +569,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                         updateCount = newUpdateCount;
                     }
 
-                    _commandBuffer.GenerateAuxEffect(bufferOffset,
-                                                     effect.Parameter.Input[i],
-                                                     effect.Parameter.Output[i],
-                                                     ref effect.State,
-                                                     effect.IsEnabled,
-                                                     effect.Parameter.BufferStorageSize,
-                                                     effect.State.SendBufferInfoBase,
-                                                     effect.State.ReturnBufferInfoBase,
-                                                     updateCount,
-                                                     writeOffset,
-                                                     nodeId);
+                    _commandBuffer.GenerateAuxEffect(
+                        bufferOffset,
+                        effect.Parameter.Input[i],
+                        effect.Parameter.Output[i],
+                        ref effect.State,
+                        effect.IsEnabled,
+                        effect.Parameter.BufferStorageSize,
+                        effect.State.SendBufferInfoBase,
+                        effect.State.ReturnBufferInfoBase,
+                        updateCount,
+                        writeOffset,
+                        nodeId);
 
                     writeOffset = newUpdateCount;
 
@@ -500,7 +623,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             if (effect.IsEnabled)
             {
                 bool needInitialization = effect.Parameter.Status == UsageState.Invalid ||
-                                         (effect.Parameter.Status == UsageState.New && !_rendererContext.BehaviourContext.IsBiquadFilterEffectStateClearBugFixed());
+                    (effect.Parameter.Status == UsageState.New && !_rendererContext.BehaviourContext.IsBiquadFilterEffectStateClearBugFixed());
 
                 BiquadFilterParameter parameter = new()
                 {
@@ -512,11 +635,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                 for (int i = 0; i < effect.Parameter.ChannelCount; i++)
                 {
-                    _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilter((int)bufferOffset, ref parameter, effect.State.Slice(i, 1),
-                                                        effect.Parameter.Input[i],
-                                                        effect.Parameter.Output[i],
-                                                        needInitialization,
-                                                        nodeId);
+                    _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilter(
+                        (int)bufferOffset,
+                        ref parameter,
+                        effect.State.Slice(i, 1),
+                        effect.Parameter.Input[i],
+                        effect.Parameter.Output[i],
+                        needInitialization,
+                        nodeId);
                 }
             }
             else
@@ -591,15 +717,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                         updateCount = newUpdateCount;
                     }
 
-                    _commandBuffer.GenerateCaptureEffect(bufferOffset,
-                                                         effect.Parameter.Input[i],
-                                                         effect.State.SendBufferInfo,
-                                                         effect.IsEnabled,
-                                                         effect.Parameter.BufferStorageSize,
-                                                         effect.State.SendBufferInfoBase,
-                                                         updateCount,
-                                                         writeOffset,
-                                                         nodeId);
+                    _commandBuffer.GenerateCaptureEffect(
+                        bufferOffset,
+                        effect.Parameter.Input[i],
+                        effect.State.SendBufferInfo,
+                        effect.IsEnabled,
+                        effect.Parameter.BufferStorageSize,
+                        effect.State.SendBufferInfoBase,
+                        updateCount,
+                        writeOffset,
+                        nodeId);
 
                     writeOffset = newUpdateCount;
 
@@ -612,11 +739,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         {
             Debug.Assert(effect.Type == EffectType.Compressor);
 
-            _commandBuffer.GenerateCompressorEffect(bufferOffset,
-                                                    effect.Parameter,
-                                                    effect.State,
-                                                    effect.IsEnabled,
-                                                    nodeId);
+            _commandBuffer.GenerateCompressorEffect(
+                bufferOffset,
+                effect.Parameter,
+                effect.State,
+                effect.IsEnabled,
+                nodeId);
         }
 
         private void GenerateEffect(ref MixState mix, int effectId, BaseEffect effect)
@@ -629,8 +757,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
             bool performanceInitialized = false;
 
-            if (_performanceManager != null && _performanceManager.GetNextEntry(out performanceEntry, effect.GetPerformanceDetailType(),
-                                                isFinalMix ? PerformanceEntryType.FinalMix : PerformanceEntryType.SubMix, nodeId))
+            if (_performanceManager != null && _performanceManager.GetNextEntry(
+                out performanceEntry,
+                effect.GetPerformanceDetailType(),
+                isFinalMix ? PerformanceEntryType.FinalMix : PerformanceEntryType.SubMix,
+                nodeId))
             {
                 performanceInitialized = true;
 
@@ -706,6 +837,85 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             }
         }
 
+        private void GenerateMixWithSplitter(
+            uint inputBufferIndex,
+            uint outputBufferIndex,
+            float volume,
+            SplitterDestination destination,
+            ref bool isFirstMixBuffer,
+            int nodeId)
+        {
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter bqf0 = ref destination.GetBiquadFilterParameter(0);
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter bqf1 = ref destination.GetBiquadFilterParameter(1);
+
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> bqfState = _splitterContext.GetBiquadFilterState(destination);
+
+            if (bqf0.Enable && bqf1.Enable)
+            {
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateMultiTapBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                    0f,
+                    volume,
+                    inputBufferIndex,
+                    outputBufferIndex,
+                    0,
+                    Memory<VoiceUpdateState>.Empty,
+                    ref bqf0,
+                    ref bqf1,
+                    bqfState[..1],
+                    bqfState.Slice(1, 1),
+                    bqfState.Slice(2, 1),
+                    bqfState.Slice(3, 1),
+                    !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                    !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                    false,
+                    isFirstMixBuffer,
+                    nodeId);
+
+                destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(0);
+                destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(1);
+            }
+            else if (bqf0.Enable)
+            {
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                    0f,
+                    volume,
+                    inputBufferIndex,
+                    outputBufferIndex,
+                    0,
+                    Memory<VoiceUpdateState>.Empty,
+                    ref bqf0,
+                    bqfState[..1],
+                    bqfState.Slice(1, 1),
+                    !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                    false,
+                    isFirstMixBuffer,
+                    nodeId);
+
+                destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(0);
+            }
+            else if (bqf1.Enable)
+            {
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                    0f,
+                    volume,
+                    inputBufferIndex,
+                    outputBufferIndex,
+                    0,
+                    Memory<VoiceUpdateState>.Empty,
+                    ref bqf1,
+                    bqfState[..1],
+                    bqfState.Slice(1, 1),
+                    !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                    false,
+                    isFirstMixBuffer,
+                    nodeId);
+
+                destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(1);
+            }
+
+            isFirstMixBuffer = false;
+        }
+
         private void GenerateMix(ref MixState mix)
         {
             if (mix.HasAnyDestination())
@@ -722,15 +932,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                         {
                             int destinationIndex = destinationId++;
 
-                            Span<SplitterDestination> destinationSpan = _splitterContext.GetDestination((int)mix.DestinationSplitterId, destinationIndex);
+                            SplitterDestination destination = _splitterContext.GetDestination((int)mix.DestinationSplitterId, destinationIndex);
 
-                            if (destinationSpan.IsEmpty)
+                            if (destination.IsNull)
                             {
                                 break;
                             }
 
-                            ref SplitterDestination destination = ref destinationSpan[0];
-
                             if (destination.IsConfigured())
                             {
                                 int mixId = destination.DestinationId;
@@ -741,16 +949,32 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                                     uint inputBufferIndex = mix.BufferOffset + ((uint)destinationIndex % mix.BufferCount);
 
+                                    bool isFirstMixBuffer = true;
+
                                     for (uint bufferDestinationIndex = 0; bufferDestinationIndex < destinationMix.BufferCount; bufferDestinationIndex++)
                                     {
                                         float volume = mix.Volume * destination.GetMixVolume((int)bufferDestinationIndex);
 
                                         if (volume != 0.0f)
                                         {
-                                            _commandBuffer.GenerateMix(inputBufferIndex,
-                                                                       destinationMix.BufferOffset + bufferDestinationIndex,
-                                                                       mix.NodeId,
-                                                                       volume);
+                                            if (destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabled())
+                                            {
+                                                GenerateMixWithSplitter(
+                                                    inputBufferIndex,
+                                                    destinationMix.BufferOffset + bufferDestinationIndex,
+                                                    volume,
+                                                    destination,
+                                                    ref isFirstMixBuffer,
+                                                    mix.NodeId);
+                                            }
+                                            else
+                                            {
+                                                _commandBuffer.GenerateMix(
+                                                    inputBufferIndex,
+                                                    destinationMix.BufferOffset + bufferDestinationIndex,
+                                                    mix.NodeId,
+                                                    volume);
+                                            }
                                         }
                                     }
                                 }
@@ -770,10 +994,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                             if (volume != 0.0f)
                             {
-                                _commandBuffer.GenerateMix(mix.BufferOffset + bufferIndex,
-                                                           destinationMix.BufferOffset + bufferDestinationIndex,
-                                                           mix.NodeId,
-                                                           volume);
+                                _commandBuffer.GenerateMix(
+                                    mix.BufferOffset + bufferIndex,
+                                    destinationMix.BufferOffset + bufferDestinationIndex,
+                                    mix.NodeId,
+                                    volume);
                             }
                         }
                     }
@@ -783,11 +1008,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
         private void GenerateSubMix(ref MixState subMix)
         {
-            _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopForMixBuffersCommand(_rendererContext.DepopBuffer,
-                                                             subMix.BufferOffset,
-                                                             subMix.BufferCount,
-                                                             subMix.NodeId,
-                                                             subMix.SampleRate);
+            _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopForMixBuffers(
+                _rendererContext.DepopBuffer,
+                subMix.BufferOffset,
+                subMix.BufferCount,
+                subMix.NodeId,
+                subMix.SampleRate);
 
             GenerateEffects(ref subMix);
 
@@ -847,11 +1073,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         {
             ref MixState finalMix = ref _mixContext.GetFinalState();
 
-            _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopForMixBuffersCommand(_rendererContext.DepopBuffer,
-                                                             finalMix.BufferOffset,
-                                                             finalMix.BufferCount,
-                                                             finalMix.NodeId,
-                                                             finalMix.SampleRate);
+            _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopForMixBuffers(
+                _rendererContext.DepopBuffer,
+                finalMix.BufferOffset,
+                finalMix.BufferCount,
+                finalMix.NodeId,
+                finalMix.SampleRate);
 
             GenerateEffects(ref finalMix);
 
@@ -882,9 +1109,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                         GeneratePerformance(ref performanceEntry, PerformanceCommand.Type.Start, nodeId);
                     }
 
-                    _commandBuffer.GenerateVolume(finalMix.Volume,
-                                                  finalMix.BufferOffset + bufferIndex,
-                                                  nodeId);
+                    _commandBuffer.GenerateVolume(
+                        finalMix.Volume,
+                        finalMix.BufferOffset + bufferIndex,
+                        nodeId);
 
                     if (performanceSubInitialized)
                     {
@@ -938,41 +1166,45 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
             if (useCustomDownMixingCommand)
             {
-                _commandBuffer.GenerateDownMixSurroundToStereo(finalMix.BufferOffset,
-                                                               sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
-                                                               sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
-                                                               sink.DownMixCoefficients,
-                                                               Constants.InvalidNodeId);
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateDownMixSurroundToStereo(
+                    finalMix.BufferOffset,
+                    sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
+                    sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
+                    sink.DownMixCoefficients,
+                    Constants.InvalidNodeId);
             }
             // NOTE: We do the downmixing at the DSP level as it's easier that way.
             else if (_rendererContext.ChannelCount == 2 && sink.Parameter.InputCount == 6)
             {
-                _commandBuffer.GenerateDownMixSurroundToStereo(finalMix.BufferOffset,
-                                                               sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
-                                                               sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
-                                                               Constants.DefaultSurroundToStereoCoefficients,
-                                                               Constants.InvalidNodeId);
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateDownMixSurroundToStereo(
+                    finalMix.BufferOffset,
+                    sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
+                    sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
+                    Constants.DefaultSurroundToStereoCoefficients,
+                    Constants.InvalidNodeId);
             }
 
             CommandList commandList = _commandBuffer.CommandList;
 
             if (sink.UpsamplerState != null)
             {
-                _commandBuffer.GenerateUpsample(finalMix.BufferOffset,
-                                                sink.UpsamplerState,
-                                                sink.Parameter.InputCount,
-                                                sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
-                                                commandList.BufferCount,
-                                                commandList.SampleCount,
-                                                commandList.SampleRate,
-                                                Constants.InvalidNodeId);
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateUpsample(
+                    finalMix.BufferOffset,
+                    sink.UpsamplerState,
+                    sink.Parameter.InputCount,
+                    sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
+                    commandList.BufferCount,
+                    commandList.SampleCount,
+                    commandList.SampleRate,
+                    Constants.InvalidNodeId);
             }
 
-            _commandBuffer.GenerateDeviceSink(finalMix.BufferOffset,
-                                              sink,
-                                              _rendererContext.SessionId,
-                                              commandList.Buffers,
-                                              Constants.InvalidNodeId);
+            _commandBuffer.GenerateDeviceSink(
+                finalMix.BufferOffset,
+                sink,
+                _rendererContext.SessionId,
+                commandList.Buffers,
+                Constants.InvalidNodeId);
         }
 
         private void GenerateSink(BaseSink sink, ref MixState finalMix)

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/CommandProcessingTimeEstimatorVersion1.cs

@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             return 0;
         }
 
-        public uint Estimate(GroupedBiquadFilterCommand command)
+        public uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand command)
         {
             return 0;
         }
@@ -184,5 +184,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         {
             return 0;
         }
+
+        public uint Estimate(BiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        public uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/CommandProcessingTimeEstimatorVersion2.cs

@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             return 0;
         }
 
-        public uint Estimate(GroupedBiquadFilterCommand command)
+        public uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand command)
         {
             return 0;
         }
@@ -476,5 +476,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         {
             return 0;
         }
+
+        public uint Estimate(BiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        public uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/CommandProcessingTimeEstimatorVersion3.cs

@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             };
         }
 
-        public virtual uint Estimate(GroupedBiquadFilterCommand command)
+        public virtual uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand command)
         {
             return 0;
         }
@@ -646,5 +646,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         {
             return 0;
         }
+
+        public virtual uint Estimate(BiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        public virtual uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/CommandProcessingTimeEstimatorVersion4.cs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
     {
         public CommandProcessingTimeEstimatorVersion4(uint sampleCount, uint bufferCount) : base(sampleCount, bufferCount) { }
 
-        public override uint Estimate(GroupedBiquadFilterCommand command)
+        public override uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand command)
         {
             Debug.Assert(SampleCount == 160 || SampleCount == 240);
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/CommandProcessingTimeEstimatorVersion5.cs

@@ -210,5 +210,53 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                 _ => throw new NotImplementedException($"{command.Parameter.ChannelCount}"),
             };
         }
+
+        public override uint Estimate(BiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(SampleCount == 160 || SampleCount == 240);
+
+            if (command.HasVolumeRamp)
+            {
+                if (SampleCount == 160)
+                {
+                    return 5204;
+                }
+
+                return 6683;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (SampleCount == 160)
+                {
+                    return 3427;
+                }
+
+                return 4752;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public override uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(SampleCount == 160 || SampleCount == 240);
+
+            if (command.HasVolumeRamp)
+            {
+                if (SampleCount == 160)
+                {
+                    return 7939;
+                }
+
+                return 10669;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (SampleCount == 160)
+                {
+                    return 6256;
+                }
+
+                return 8683;
+            }
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/ICommandProcessingTimeEstimator.cs

@@ -33,8 +33,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         uint Estimate(UpsampleCommand command);
         uint Estimate(LimiterCommandVersion1 command);
         uint Estimate(LimiterCommandVersion2 command);
-        uint Estimate(GroupedBiquadFilterCommand command);
+        uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand command);
         uint Estimate(CaptureBufferCommand command);
         uint Estimate(CompressorCommand command);
+        uint Estimate(BiquadFilterAndMixCommand command);
+        uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand command);
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Mix/MixState.cs

@@ -225,11 +225,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Mix
 
                     for (int i = 0; i < splitter.DestinationCount; i++)
                     {
-                        Span<SplitterDestination> destination = splitter.GetData(i);
+                        SplitterDestination destination = splitter.GetData(i);
 
-                        if (!destination.IsEmpty)
+                        if (!destination.IsNull)
                         {
-                            int destinationMixId = destination[0].DestinationId;
+                            int destinationMixId = destination.DestinationId;
 
                             if (destinationMixId != UnusedMixId)
                             {

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Splitter/SplitterContext.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.State;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Utils;
 using Ryujinx.Common;
@@ -15,15 +16,35 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
     /// </summary>
     public class SplitterContext
     {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Amount of biquad filter states per splitter destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        public const int BqfStatesPerDestination = 4;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Storage for <see cref="SplitterState"/>.
         /// </summary>
         private Memory<SplitterState> _splitters;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Storage for <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.
+        /// Storage for <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/>.
         /// </summary>
-        private Memory<SplitterDestination> _splitterDestinations;
+        private Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion1> _splitterDestinationsV1;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Storage for <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        private Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion2> _splitterDestinationsV2;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Splitter biquad filtering states.
+        /// </summary>
+        private Memory<BiquadFilterState> _splitterBqfStates;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Version of the splitter context that is being used, currently can be 1 or 2.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Version { get; private set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// If set to true, trust the user destination count in <see cref="SplitterState.Update(SplitterContext, in SplitterInParameter, ref SequenceReader{byte})"/>.
@@ -36,12 +57,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// <param name="behaviourContext">The behaviour context.</param>
         /// <param name="parameter">The audio renderer configuration.</param>
         /// <param name="workBufferAllocator">The <see cref="WorkBufferAllocator"/>.</param>
+        /// <param name="splitterBqfStates">Memory to store the biquad filtering state for splitters during processing.</param>
         /// <returns>Return true if the initialization was successful.</returns>
-        public bool Initialize(ref BehaviourContext behaviourContext, ref AudioRendererConfiguration parameter, WorkBufferAllocator workBufferAllocator)
+        public bool Initialize(
+            ref BehaviourContext behaviourContext,
+            ref AudioRendererConfiguration parameter,
+            WorkBufferAllocator workBufferAllocator,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> splitterBqfStates)
         {
             if (!behaviourContext.IsSplitterSupported() || parameter.SplitterCount <= 0 || parameter.SplitterDestinationCount <= 0)
             {
-                Setup(Memory<SplitterState>.Empty, Memory<SplitterDestination>.Empty, false);
+                Setup(Memory<SplitterState>.Empty, Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion1>.Empty, Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion2>.Empty, false);
 
                 return true;
             }
@@ -60,23 +86,62 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
                 splitter = new SplitterState(splitterId++);
             }
 
-            Memory<SplitterDestination> splitterDestinations = workBufferAllocator.Allocate<SplitterDestination>(parameter.SplitterDestinationCount,
-                SplitterDestination.Alignment);
+            Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion1> splitterDestinationsV1 = Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion1>.Empty;
+            Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion2> splitterDestinationsV2 = Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion2>.Empty;
 
-            if (splitterDestinations.IsEmpty)
+            if (!behaviourContext.IsBiquadFilterParameterForSplitterEnabled())
             {
-                return false;
+                Version = 1;
+
+                splitterDestinationsV1 = workBufferAllocator.Allocate<SplitterDestinationVersion1>(parameter.SplitterDestinationCount,
+                    SplitterDestinationVersion1.Alignment);
+
+                if (splitterDestinationsV1.IsEmpty)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                int splitterDestinationId = 0;
+                foreach (ref SplitterDestinationVersion1 data in splitterDestinationsV1.Span)
+                {
+                    data = new SplitterDestinationVersion1(splitterDestinationId++);
+                }
             }
-
-            int splitterDestinationId = 0;
-            foreach (ref SplitterDestination data in splitterDestinations.Span)
+            else
             {
-                data = new SplitterDestination(splitterDestinationId++);
+                Version = 2;
+
+                splitterDestinationsV2 = workBufferAllocator.Allocate<SplitterDestinationVersion2>(parameter.SplitterDestinationCount,
+                    SplitterDestinationVersion2.Alignment);
+
+                if (splitterDestinationsV2.IsEmpty)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                int splitterDestinationId = 0;
+                foreach (ref SplitterDestinationVersion2 data in splitterDestinationsV2.Span)
+                {
+                    data = new SplitterDestinationVersion2(splitterDestinationId++);
+                }
+
+                if (parameter.SplitterDestinationCount > 0)
+                {
+                    // Official code stores it in the SplitterDestinationVersion2 struct,
+                    // but we don't to avoid using unsafe code.
+
+                    splitterBqfStates.Span.Clear();
+                    _splitterBqfStates = splitterBqfStates;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    _splitterBqfStates = Memory<BiquadFilterState>.Empty;
+                }
             }
 
             SplitterState.InitializeSplitters(splitters.Span);
 
-            Setup(splitters, splitterDestinations, behaviourContext.IsSplitterBugFixed());
+            Setup(splitters, splitterDestinationsV1, splitterDestinationsV2, behaviourContext.IsSplitterBugFixed());
 
             return true;
         }
@@ -93,7 +158,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
             if (behaviourContext.IsSplitterSupported())
             {
                 size = WorkBufferAllocator.GetTargetSize<SplitterState>(size, parameter.SplitterCount, SplitterState.Alignment);
-                size = WorkBufferAllocator.GetTargetSize<SplitterDestination>(size, parameter.SplitterDestinationCount, SplitterDestination.Alignment);
+
+                if (behaviourContext.IsBiquadFilterParameterForSplitterEnabled())
+                {
+                    size = WorkBufferAllocator.GetTargetSize<SplitterDestinationVersion2>(size, parameter.SplitterDestinationCount, SplitterDestinationVersion2.Alignment);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    size = WorkBufferAllocator.GetTargetSize<SplitterDestinationVersion1>(size, parameter.SplitterDestinationCount, SplitterDestinationVersion1.Alignment);
+                }
 
                 if (behaviourContext.IsSplitterBugFixed())
                 {
@@ -110,12 +183,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// Setup the <see cref="SplitterContext"/> instance.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="splitters">The <see cref="SplitterState"/> storage.</param>
-        /// <param name="splitterDestinations">The <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> storage.</param>
+        /// <param name="splitterDestinationsV1">The <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/> storage.</param>
+        /// <param name="splitterDestinationsV2">The <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/> storage.</param>
         /// <param name="isBugFixed">If set to true, trust the user destination count in <see cref="SplitterState.Update(SplitterContext, in SplitterInParameter, ref SequenceReader{byte})"/>.</param>
-        private void Setup(Memory<SplitterState> splitters, Memory<SplitterDestination> splitterDestinations, bool isBugFixed)
+        private void Setup(
+            Memory<SplitterState> splitters,
+            Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion1> splitterDestinationsV1,
+            Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion2> splitterDestinationsV2,
+            bool isBugFixed)
         {
             _splitters = splitters;
-            _splitterDestinations = splitterDestinations;
+            _splitterDestinationsV1 = splitterDestinationsV1;
+            _splitterDestinationsV2 = splitterDestinationsV2;
             IsBugFixed = isBugFixed;
         }
 
@@ -141,7 +220,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
                 return 0;
             }
 
-            return _splitterDestinations.Length / _splitters.Length;
+            int length = _splitterDestinationsV2.IsEmpty ? _splitterDestinationsV1.Length : _splitterDestinationsV2.Length;
+
+            return length / _splitters.Length;
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -178,7 +259,39 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Update one or multiple <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> from user parameters.
+        /// Update one splitter destination data from user parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="input">The raw data after the splitter header.</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the update was successful, false otherwise</returns>
+        private bool UpdateData<T>(ref SequenceReader<byte> input) where T : unmanaged, ISplitterDestinationInParameter
+        {
+            ref readonly T parameter = ref input.GetRefOrRefToCopy<T>(out _);
+
+            Debug.Assert(parameter.IsMagicValid());
+
+            if (parameter.IsMagicValid())
+            {
+                int length = _splitterDestinationsV2.IsEmpty ? _splitterDestinationsV1.Length : _splitterDestinationsV2.Length;
+
+                if (parameter.Id >= 0 && parameter.Id < length)
+                {
+                    SplitterDestination destination = GetDestination(parameter.Id);
+
+                    destination.Update(parameter);
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                input.Rewind(Unsafe.SizeOf<T>());
+
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update one or multiple splitter destination data from user parameters.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="inputHeader">The splitter header.</param>
         /// <param name="input">The raw data after the splitter header.</param>
@@ -186,23 +299,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         {
             for (int i = 0; i < inputHeader.SplitterDestinationCount; i++)
             {
-                ref readonly SplitterDestinationInParameter parameter = ref input.GetRefOrRefToCopy<SplitterDestinationInParameter>(out _);
-
-                Debug.Assert(parameter.IsMagicValid());
-
-                if (parameter.IsMagicValid())
+                if (Version == 1)
                 {
-                    if (parameter.Id >= 0 && parameter.Id < _splitterDestinations.Length)
+                    if (!UpdateData<SplitterDestinationInParameterVersion1>(ref input))
                     {
-                        ref SplitterDestination destination = ref GetDestination(parameter.Id);
-
-                        destination.Update(parameter);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (Version == 2)
+                {
+                    if (!UpdateData<SplitterDestinationInParameterVersion2>(ref input))
+                    {
+                        break;
                     }
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    input.Rewind(Unsafe.SizeOf<SplitterDestinationInParameter>());
-                    break;
+                    Debug.Fail($"Invalid splitter context version {Version}.");
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -214,7 +327,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// <returns>Return true if the update was successful.</returns>
         public bool Update(ref SequenceReader<byte> input)
         {
-            if (_splitterDestinations.IsEmpty || _splitters.IsEmpty)
+            if (!UsingSplitter())
             {
                 return true;
             }
@@ -251,45 +364,52 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Get a reference to a <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> at the given <paramref name="id"/>.
+        /// Get a reference to the splitter destination data at the given <paramref name="id"/>.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="id">The index to use.</param>
-        /// <returns>A reference to a <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> at the given <paramref name="id"/>.</returns>
-        public ref SplitterDestination GetDestination(int id)
+        /// <returns>A reference to the splitter destination data at the given <paramref name="id"/>.</returns>
+        public SplitterDestination GetDestination(int id)
         {
-            return ref SpanIOHelper.GetFromMemory(_splitterDestinations, id, (uint)_splitterDestinations.Length);
+            if (_splitterDestinationsV2.IsEmpty)
+            {
+                return new SplitterDestination(ref SpanIOHelper.GetFromMemory(_splitterDestinationsV1, id, (uint)_splitterDestinationsV1.Length));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return new SplitterDestination(ref SpanIOHelper.GetFromMemory(_splitterDestinationsV2, id, (uint)_splitterDestinationsV2.Length));
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Get a <see cref="Memory{SplitterDestination}"/> at the given <paramref name="id"/>.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="id">The index to use.</param>
-        /// <returns>A <see cref="Memory{SplitterDestination}"/> at the given <paramref name="id"/>.</returns>
-        public Memory<SplitterDestination> GetDestinationMemory(int id)
-        {
-            return SpanIOHelper.GetMemory(_splitterDestinations, id, (uint)_splitterDestinations.Length);
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Get a <see cref="Span{SplitterDestination}"/> in the <see cref="SplitterState"/> at <paramref name="id"/> and pass <paramref name="destinationId"/> to <see cref="SplitterState.GetData(int)"/>.
+        /// Get a <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> in the <see cref="SplitterState"/> at <paramref name="id"/> and pass <paramref name="destinationId"/> to <see cref="SplitterState.GetData(int)"/>.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="id">The index to use to get the <see cref="SplitterState"/>.</param>
         /// <param name="destinationId">The index of the <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.</param>
-        /// <returns>A <see cref="Span{SplitterDestination}"/>.</returns>
-        public Span<SplitterDestination> GetDestination(int id, int destinationId)
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.</returns>
+        public SplitterDestination GetDestination(int id, int destinationId)
         {
             ref SplitterState splitter = ref GetState(id);
 
             return splitter.GetData(destinationId);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the biquad filter state for a given splitter destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="destination">The splitter destination.</param>
+        /// <returns>Biquad filter state for the specified destination.</returns>
+        public Memory<BiquadFilterState> GetBiquadFilterState(SplitterDestination destination)
+        {
+            return _splitterBqfStates.Slice(destination.Id * BqfStatesPerDestination, BqfStatesPerDestination);
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Return true if the audio renderer has any splitters.
         /// </summary>
         /// <returns>True if the audio renderer has any splitters.</returns>
         public bool UsingSplitter()
         {
-            return !_splitters.IsEmpty && !_splitterDestinations.IsEmpty;
+            return !_splitters.IsEmpty && (!_splitterDestinationsV1.IsEmpty || !_splitterDestinationsV2.IsEmpty);
         }
 
         /// <summary>

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Splitter/SplitterDestination.cs

@@ -1,115 +1,198 @@
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
-using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
 using System;
 using System.Diagnostics;
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
 {
     /// <summary>
     /// Server state for a splitter destination.
     /// </summary>
-    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = 0xE0, Pack = Alignment)]
-    public struct SplitterDestination
+    public ref struct SplitterDestination
     {
-        public const int Alignment = 0x10;
+        private ref SplitterDestinationVersion1 _v1;
+        private ref SplitterDestinationVersion2 _v2;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// The unique id of this <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.
+        /// Checks if the splitter destination data reference is null.
         /// </summary>
-        public int Id;
+        public bool IsNull => Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v1) && Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// The mix to output the result of the splitter.
+        /// The splitter unique id.
         /// </summary>
-        public int DestinationId;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Mix buffer volumes storage.
-        /// </summary>
-        private MixArray _mix;
-        private MixArray _previousMix;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Pointer to the next linked element.
-        /// </summary>
-        private unsafe SplitterDestination* _next;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Set to true if in use.
-        /// </summary>
-        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
-        public bool IsUsed;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Set to true if the internal state need to be updated.
-        /// </summary>
-        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
-        public bool NeedToUpdateInternalState;
-
-        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = 4 * Constants.MixBufferCountMax, Pack = 1)]
-        private struct MixArray { }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Mix buffer volumes.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
-        public Span<float> MixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _mix);
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Previous mix buffer volumes.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
-        public Span<float> PreviousMixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _previousMix);
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Get the  <see cref="Span{SplitterDestination}"/> of the next element or <see cref="Span{SplitterDestination}.Empty"/> if not present.
-        /// </summary>
-        public readonly Span<SplitterDestination> Next
+        public int Id
         {
             get
             {
-                unsafe
+                if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
                 {
-                    return _next != null ? new Span<SplitterDestination>(_next, 1) : Span<SplitterDestination>.Empty;
+                    if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v1))
+                    {
+                        return 0;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        return _v1.Id;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return _v2.Id;
                 }
             }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Create a new <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.
+        /// The mix to output the result of the splitter.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="id">The unique id of this <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.</param>
-        public SplitterDestination(int id) : this()
+        public int DestinationId
         {
-            Id = id;
-            DestinationId = Constants.UnusedMixId;
-
-            ClearVolumes();
+            get
+            {
+                if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
+                {
+                    if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v1))
+                    {
+                        return 0;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        return _v1.DestinationId;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return _v2.DestinationId;
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Update the <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> from user parameter.
+        /// Mix buffer volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
+        public Span<float> MixBufferVolume
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
+                {
+                    if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v1))
+                    {
+                        return Span<float>.Empty;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        return _v1.MixBufferVolume;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return _v2.MixBufferVolume;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Previous mix buffer volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
+        public Span<float> PreviousMixBufferVolume
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
+                {
+                    if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v1))
+                    {
+                        return Span<float>.Empty;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        return _v1.PreviousMixBufferVolume;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return _v2.PreviousMixBufferVolume;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> of the next element or null if not present.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly SplitterDestination Next
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                unsafe
+                {
+                    if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
+                    {
+                        if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v1))
+                        {
+                            return new SplitterDestination();
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            return new SplitterDestination(ref _v1.Next);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        return new SplitterDestination(ref _v2.Next);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new splitter destination wrapper for the version 1 splitter destination data.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="v1">Version 1 splitter destination data</param>
+        public SplitterDestination(ref SplitterDestinationVersion1 v1)
+        {
+            _v1 = ref v1;
+            _v2 = ref Unsafe.NullRef<SplitterDestinationVersion2>();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new splitter destination wrapper for the version 2 splitter destination data.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="v2">Version 2 splitter destination data</param>
+        public SplitterDestination(ref SplitterDestinationVersion2 v2)
+        {
+
+            _v1 = ref Unsafe.NullRef<SplitterDestinationVersion1>();
+            _v2 = ref v2;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new splitter destination wrapper for the splitter destination data.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="v1">Version 1 splitter destination data</param>
+        /// <param name="v2">Version 2 splitter destination data</param>
+        public unsafe SplitterDestination(SplitterDestinationVersion1* v1, SplitterDestinationVersion2* v2)
+        {
+            _v1 = ref Unsafe.AsRef<SplitterDestinationVersion1>(v1);
+            _v2 = ref Unsafe.AsRef<SplitterDestinationVersion2>(v2);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update the splitter destination data from user parameter.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="parameter">The user parameter.</param>
-        public void Update(SplitterDestinationInParameter parameter)
+        public void Update<T>(in T parameter) where T : ISplitterDestinationInParameter
         {
-            Debug.Assert(Id == parameter.Id);
-
-            if (parameter.IsMagicValid() && Id == parameter.Id)
+            if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
             {
-                DestinationId = parameter.DestinationId;
-
-                parameter.MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(MixBufferVolume);
-
-                if (!IsUsed && parameter.IsUsed)
-                {
-                    MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(PreviousMixBufferVolume);
-
-                    NeedToUpdateInternalState = false;
-                }
-
-                IsUsed = parameter.IsUsed;
+                _v1.Update(parameter);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _v2.Update(parameter);
             }
         }
 
@@ -118,12 +201,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// </summary>
         public void UpdateInternalState()
         {
-            if (IsUsed && NeedToUpdateInternalState)
+            if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
             {
-                MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(PreviousMixBufferVolume);
+                _v1.UpdateInternalState();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _v2.UpdateInternalState();
             }
-
-            NeedToUpdateInternalState = false;
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -131,16 +216,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// </summary>
         public void MarkAsNeedToUpdateInternalState()
         {
-            NeedToUpdateInternalState = true;
+            if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
+            {
+                _v1.MarkAsNeedToUpdateInternalState();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _v2.MarkAsNeedToUpdateInternalState();
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Return true if the <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> is used and has a destination.
+        /// Return true if the splitter destination is used and has a destination.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <returns>True if the <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> is used and has a destination.</returns>
+        /// <returns>True if the splitter destination is used and has a destination.</returns>
         public readonly bool IsConfigured()
         {
-            return IsUsed && DestinationId != Constants.UnusedMixId;
+            return Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2) ? _v1.IsConfigured() : _v2.IsConfigured();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -150,9 +242,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// <returns>The volume for the given destination.</returns>
         public float GetMixVolume(int destinationIndex)
         {
-            Debug.Assert(destinationIndex >= 0 && destinationIndex < Constants.MixBufferCountMax);
+            return Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2) ? _v1.GetMixVolume(destinationIndex) : _v2.GetMixVolume(destinationIndex);
+        }
 
-            return MixBufferVolume[destinationIndex];
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the previous volume for a given destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="destinationIndex">The destination index to use.</param>
+        /// <returns>The volume for the given destination.</returns>
+        public float GetMixVolumePrev(int destinationIndex)
+        {
+            return Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2) ? _v1.GetMixVolumePrev(destinationIndex) : _v2.GetMixVolumePrev(destinationIndex);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -160,22 +260,33 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// </summary>
         public void ClearVolumes()
         {
-            MixBufferVolume.Clear();
-            PreviousMixBufferVolume.Clear();
+            if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
+            {
+                _v1.ClearVolumes();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _v2.ClearVolumes();
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Link the next element to the given <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.
+        /// Link the next element to the given splitter destination.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="next">The given <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> to link.</param>
-        public void Link(ref SplitterDestination next)
+        /// <param name="next">The given splitter destination to link.</param>
+        public void Link(SplitterDestination next)
         {
-            unsafe
+            if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
             {
-                fixed (SplitterDestination* nextPtr = &next)
-                {
-                    _next = nextPtr;
-                }
+                Debug.Assert(!Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref next._v1));
+
+                _v1.Link(ref next._v1);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Debug.Assert(!Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref next._v2));
+
+                _v2.Link(ref next._v2);
             }
         }
 
@@ -184,10 +295,74 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// </summary>
         public void Unlink()
         {
-            unsafe
+            if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
             {
-                _next = null;
+                _v1.Unlink();
             }
+            else
+            {
+                _v2.Unlink();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if any biquad filter is enabled.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if any biquad filter is enabled.</returns>
+        public bool IsBiquadFilterEnabled()
+        {
+            return !Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2) && _v2.IsBiquadFilterEnabled();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if any biquad filter was previously enabled.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if any biquad filter was previously enabled.</returns>
+        public bool IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev()
+        {
+            return !Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2) && _v2.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the biquad filter parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Biquad filter index (0 or 1).</param>
+        /// <returns>Biquad filter parameters.</returns>
+        public ref BiquadFilterParameter GetBiquadFilterParameter(int index)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(!Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2));
+
+            return ref _v2.GetBiquadFilterParameter(index);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if any biquad filter was previously enabled.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Biquad filter index (0 or 1).</param>
+        public void UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(int index)
+        {
+            if (!Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
+            {
+                _v2.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(index);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the reference for the version 1 splitter destination data, or null if version 2 is being used or the destination is null.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Reference for the version 1 splitter destination data.</returns>
+        public ref SplitterDestinationVersion1 GetV1RefOrNull()
+        {
+            return ref _v1;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the reference for the version 2 splitter destination data, or null if version 1 is being used or the destination is null.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Reference for the version 2 splitter destination data.</returns>
+        public ref SplitterDestinationVersion2 GetV2RefOrNull()
+        {
+            return ref _v2;
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Splitter/SplitterDestinationVersion1.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Server state for a splitter destination (version 1).
+    /// </summary>
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = 0xE0, Pack = Alignment)]
+    public struct SplitterDestinationVersion1
+    {
+        public const int Alignment = 0x10;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The unique id of this <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Id;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The mix to output the result of the splitter.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int DestinationId;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mix buffer volumes storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        private MixArray _mix;
+        private MixArray _previousMix;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Pointer to the next linked element.
+        /// </summary>
+        private unsafe SplitterDestinationVersion1* _next;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set to true if in use.
+        /// </summary>
+        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
+        public bool IsUsed;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set to true if the internal state need to be updated.
+        /// </summary>
+        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
+        public bool NeedToUpdateInternalState;
+
+        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = sizeof(float) * Constants.MixBufferCountMax, Pack = 1)]
+        private struct MixArray { }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mix buffer volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
+        public Span<float> MixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _mix);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Previous mix buffer volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
+        public Span<float> PreviousMixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _previousMix);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the reference of the next element or null if not present.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly ref SplitterDestinationVersion1 Next
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                unsafe
+                {
+                    return ref Unsafe.AsRef<SplitterDestinationVersion1>(_next);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a new <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="id">The unique id of this <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/>.</param>
+        public SplitterDestinationVersion1(int id) : this()
+        {
+            Id = id;
+            DestinationId = Constants.UnusedMixId;
+
+            ClearVolumes();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update the <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/> from user parameter.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="parameter">The user parameter.</param>
+        public void Update<T>(in T parameter) where T : ISplitterDestinationInParameter
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(Id == parameter.Id);
+
+            if (parameter.IsMagicValid() && Id == parameter.Id)
+            {
+                DestinationId = parameter.DestinationId;
+
+                parameter.MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(MixBufferVolume);
+
+                if (!IsUsed && parameter.IsUsed)
+                {
+                    MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(PreviousMixBufferVolume);
+
+                    NeedToUpdateInternalState = false;
+                }
+
+                IsUsed = parameter.IsUsed;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update the internal state of the instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void UpdateInternalState()
+        {
+            if (IsUsed && NeedToUpdateInternalState)
+            {
+                MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(PreviousMixBufferVolume);
+            }
+
+            NeedToUpdateInternalState = false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set the update internal state marker.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void MarkAsNeedToUpdateInternalState()
+        {
+            NeedToUpdateInternalState = true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return true if the <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/> is used and has a destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if the <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/> is used and has a destination.</returns>
+        public readonly bool IsConfigured()
+        {
+            return IsUsed && DestinationId != Constants.UnusedMixId;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the volume for a given destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="destinationIndex">The destination index to use.</param>
+        /// <returns>The volume for the given destination.</returns>
+        public float GetMixVolume(int destinationIndex)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(destinationIndex >= 0 && destinationIndex < Constants.MixBufferCountMax);
+
+            return MixBufferVolume[destinationIndex];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the previous volume for a given destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="destinationIndex">The destination index to use.</param>
+        /// <returns>The volume for the given destination.</returns>
+        public float GetMixVolumePrev(int destinationIndex)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(destinationIndex >= 0 && destinationIndex < Constants.MixBufferCountMax);
+
+            return PreviousMixBufferVolume[destinationIndex];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clear the volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void ClearVolumes()
+        {
+            MixBufferVolume.Clear();
+            PreviousMixBufferVolume.Clear();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Link the next element to the given <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="next">The given <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/> to link.</param>
+        public void Link(ref SplitterDestinationVersion1 next)
+        {
+            unsafe
+            {
+                fixed (SplitterDestinationVersion1* nextPtr = &next)
+                {
+                    _next = nextPtr;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Remove the link to the next element.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Unlink()
+        {
+            unsafe
+            {
+                _next = null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Splitter/SplitterDestinationVersion2.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Server state for a splitter destination (version 2).
+    /// </summary>
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = 0x110, Pack = Alignment)]
+    public struct SplitterDestinationVersion2
+    {
+        public const int Alignment = 0x10;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The unique id of this <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Id;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The mix to output the result of the splitter.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int DestinationId;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mix buffer volumes storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        private MixArray _mix;
+        private MixArray _previousMix;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Pointer to the next linked element.
+        /// </summary>
+        private unsafe SplitterDestinationVersion2* _next;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set to true if in use.
+        /// </summary>
+        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
+        public bool IsUsed;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set to true if the internal state need to be updated.
+        /// </summary>
+        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
+        public bool NeedToUpdateInternalState;
+
+        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = sizeof(float) * Constants.MixBufferCountMax, Pack = 1)]
+        private struct MixArray { }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mix buffer volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
+        public Span<float> MixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _mix);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Previous mix buffer volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
+        public Span<float> PreviousMixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _previousMix);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the reference of the next element or null if not present.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly ref SplitterDestinationVersion2 Next
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                unsafe
+                {
+                    return ref Unsafe.AsRef<SplitterDestinationVersion2>(_next);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private Array2<BiquadFilterParameter> _biquadFilters;
+
+        private Array2<bool> _isPreviousBiquadFilterEnabled;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a new <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="id">The unique id of this <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/>.</param>
+        public SplitterDestinationVersion2(int id) : this()
+        {
+            Id = id;
+            DestinationId = Constants.UnusedMixId;
+
+            ClearVolumes();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update the <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/> from user parameter.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="parameter">The user parameter.</param>
+        public void Update<T>(in T parameter) where T : ISplitterDestinationInParameter
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(Id == parameter.Id);
+
+            if (parameter.IsMagicValid() && Id == parameter.Id)
+            {
+                DestinationId = parameter.DestinationId;
+
+                parameter.MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(MixBufferVolume);
+
+                _biquadFilters = parameter.BiquadFilters;
+
+                if (!IsUsed && parameter.IsUsed)
+                {
+                    MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(PreviousMixBufferVolume);
+
+                    NeedToUpdateInternalState = false;
+                }
+
+                IsUsed = parameter.IsUsed;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update the internal state of the instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void UpdateInternalState()
+        {
+            if (IsUsed && NeedToUpdateInternalState)
+            {
+                MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(PreviousMixBufferVolume);
+            }
+
+            NeedToUpdateInternalState = false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set the update internal state marker.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void MarkAsNeedToUpdateInternalState()
+        {
+            NeedToUpdateInternalState = true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return true if the <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/> is used and has a destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if the <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/> is used and has a destination.</returns>
+        public readonly bool IsConfigured()
+        {
+            return IsUsed && DestinationId != Constants.UnusedMixId;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the volume for a given destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="destinationIndex">The destination index to use.</param>
+        /// <returns>The volume for the given destination.</returns>
+        public float GetMixVolume(int destinationIndex)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(destinationIndex >= 0 && destinationIndex < Constants.MixBufferCountMax);
+
+            return MixBufferVolume[destinationIndex];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the previous volume for a given destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="destinationIndex">The destination index to use.</param>
+        /// <returns>The volume for the given destination.</returns>
+        public float GetMixVolumePrev(int destinationIndex)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(destinationIndex >= 0 && destinationIndex < Constants.MixBufferCountMax);
+
+            return PreviousMixBufferVolume[destinationIndex];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clear the volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void ClearVolumes()
+        {
+            MixBufferVolume.Clear();
+            PreviousMixBufferVolume.Clear();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Link the next element to the given <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="next">The given <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/> to link.</param>
+        public void Link(ref SplitterDestinationVersion2 next)
+        {
+            unsafe
+            {
+                fixed (SplitterDestinationVersion2* nextPtr = &next)
+                {
+                    _next = nextPtr;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Remove the link to the next element.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Unlink()
+        {
+            unsafe
+            {
+                _next = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if any biquad filter is enabled.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if any biquad filter is enabled.</returns>
+        public bool IsBiquadFilterEnabled()
+        {
+            return _biquadFilters[0].Enable || _biquadFilters[1].Enable;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if any biquad filter was previously enabled.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if any biquad filter was previously enabled.</returns>
+        public bool IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev()
+        {
+            return _isPreviousBiquadFilterEnabled[0];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the biquad filter parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Biquad filter index (0 or 1).</param>
+        /// <returns>Biquad filter parameters.</returns>
+        public ref BiquadFilterParameter GetBiquadFilterParameter(int index)
+        {
+            return ref _biquadFilters[index];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if any biquad filter was previously enabled.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Biquad filter index (0 or 1).</param>
+        public void UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(int index)
+        {
+            _isPreviousBiquadFilterEnabled[index] = _biquadFilters[index].Enable;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Splitter/SplitterState.cs

@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
     {
         public const int Alignment = 0x10;
 
+        private delegate void SplitterDestinationAction(SplitterDestination destination, int index);
+
         /// <summary>
         /// The unique id of this <see cref="SplitterState"/>.
         /// </summary>
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         public uint SampleRate;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Count of splitter destinations (<see cref="SplitterDestination"/>).
+        /// Count of splitter destinations.
         /// </summary>
         public int DestinationCount;
 
@@ -37,20 +39,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         public bool HasNewConnection;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Linked list of <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.
+        /// Linked list of <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/>.
         /// </summary>
-        private unsafe SplitterDestination* _destinationsData;
+        private unsafe SplitterDestinationVersion1* _destinationDataV1;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Span to the first element of the linked list of <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.
+        /// Linked list of <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/>.
         /// </summary>
-        public readonly Span<SplitterDestination> Destinations
+        private unsafe SplitterDestinationVersion2* _destinationDataV2;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// First element of the linked list of splitter destinations data.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly SplitterDestination Destination
         {
             get
             {
                 unsafe
                 {
-                    return (IntPtr)_destinationsData != IntPtr.Zero ? new Span<SplitterDestination>(_destinationsData, 1) : Span<SplitterDestination>.Empty;
+                    return new SplitterDestination(_destinationDataV1, _destinationDataV2);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -64,20 +71,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
             Id = id;
         }
 
-        public readonly Span<SplitterDestination> GetData(int index)
+        public readonly SplitterDestination GetData(int index)
         {
             int i = 0;
 
-            Span<SplitterDestination> result = Destinations;
+            SplitterDestination result = Destination;
 
             while (i < index)
             {
-                if (result.IsEmpty)
+                if (result.IsNull)
                 {
                     break;
                 }
 
-                result = result[0].Next;
+                result = result.Next;
                 i++;
             }
 
@@ -93,25 +100,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Utility function to apply a given <see cref="SpanAction{T, TArg}"/> to all <see cref="Destinations"/>.
+        /// Utility function to apply an action to all <see cref="Destination"/>.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="action">The action to execute on each elements.</param>
-        private readonly void ForEachDestination(SpanAction<SplitterDestination, int> action)
+        private readonly void ForEachDestination(SplitterDestinationAction action)
         {
-            Span<SplitterDestination> temp = Destinations;
+            SplitterDestination temp = Destination;
 
             int i = 0;
 
             while (true)
             {
-                if (temp.IsEmpty)
+                if (temp.IsNull)
                 {
                     break;
                 }
 
-                Span<SplitterDestination> next = temp[0].Next;
+                SplitterDestination next = temp.Next;
 
-                action.Invoke(temp, i++);
+                action(temp, i++);
 
                 temp = next;
             }
@@ -142,9 +149,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
             {
                 input.ReadLittleEndian(out int destinationId);
 
-                Memory<SplitterDestination> destination = context.GetDestinationMemory(destinationId);
+                SplitterDestination destination = context.GetDestination(destinationId);
 
-                SetDestination(ref destination.Span[0]);
+                SetDestination(destination);
 
                 DestinationCount = destinationCount;
 
@@ -152,9 +159,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
                 {
                     input.ReadLittleEndian(out destinationId);
 
-                    Memory<SplitterDestination> nextDestination = context.GetDestinationMemory(destinationId);
+                    SplitterDestination nextDestination = context.GetDestination(destinationId);
 
-                    destination.Span[0].Link(ref nextDestination.Span[0]);
+                    destination.Link(nextDestination);
                     destination = nextDestination;
                 }
             }
@@ -174,16 +181,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Set the head of the linked list of <see cref="Destinations"/>.
+        /// Set the head of the linked list of <see cref="Destination"/>.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="newValue">A reference to a <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.</param>
-        public void SetDestination(ref SplitterDestination newValue)
+        /// <param name="newValue">New destination value.</param>
+        public void SetDestination(SplitterDestination newValue)
         {
             unsafe
             {
-                fixed (SplitterDestination* newValuePtr = &newValue)
+                fixed (SplitterDestinationVersion1* newValuePtr = &newValue.GetV1RefOrNull())
                 {
-                    _destinationsData = newValuePtr;
+                    _destinationDataV1 = newValuePtr;
+                }
+
+                fixed (SplitterDestinationVersion2* newValuePtr = &newValue.GetV2RefOrNull())
+                {
+                    _destinationDataV2 = newValuePtr;
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -193,19 +205,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// </summary>
         public readonly void UpdateInternalState()
         {
-            ForEachDestination((destination, _) => destination[0].UpdateInternalState());
+            ForEachDestination((destination, _) => destination.UpdateInternalState());
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Clear all links from the <see cref="Destinations"/>.
+        /// Clear all links from the <see cref="Destination"/>.
         /// </summary>
         public void ClearLinks()
         {
-            ForEachDestination((destination, _) => destination[0].Unlink());
+            ForEachDestination((destination, _) => destination.Unlink());
 
             unsafe
             {
-                _destinationsData = (SplitterDestination*)IntPtr.Zero;
+                _destinationDataV1 = null;
+                _destinationDataV2 = null;
             }
         }
 
@@ -219,7 +232,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
             {
                 unsafe
                 {
-                    splitter._destinationsData = (SplitterDestination*)IntPtr.Zero;
+                    splitter._destinationDataV1 = null;
+                    splitter._destinationDataV2 = null;
                 }
 
                 splitter.DestinationCount = 0;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/BufferAccess.cs

@@ -6,8 +6,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
     public enum BufferAccess
     {
         Default = 0,
-        FlushPersistent = 1 << 0,
-        Stream = 1 << 1,
-        SparseCompatible = 1 << 2,
+        HostMemory = 1,
+        DeviceMemory = 2,
+        DeviceMemoryMapped = 3,
+
+        MemoryTypeMask = 0xf,
+
+        Stream = 1 << 4,
+        SparseCompatible = 1 << 5,
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Capabilities.cs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
     {
         public readonly TargetApi Api;
         public readonly string VendorName;
+        public readonly SystemMemoryType MemoryType;
 
         public readonly bool HasFrontFacingBug;
         public readonly bool HasVectorIndexingBug;
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         public readonly bool SupportsMismatchingViewFormat;
         public readonly bool SupportsCubemapView;
         public readonly bool SupportsNonConstantTextureOffset;
+        public readonly bool SupportsQuads;
         public readonly bool SupportsSeparateSampler;
         public readonly bool SupportsShaderBallot;
         public readonly bool SupportsShaderBarrierDivergence;
@@ -49,6 +51,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         public readonly bool SupportsIndirectParameters;
         public readonly bool SupportsDepthClipControl;
 
+        public readonly int UniformBufferSetIndex;
+        public readonly int StorageBufferSetIndex;
+        public readonly int TextureSetIndex;
+        public readonly int ImageSetIndex;
+        public readonly int ExtraSetBaseIndex;
+        public readonly int MaximumExtraSets;
+
         public readonly uint MaximumUniformBuffersPerStage;
         public readonly uint MaximumStorageBuffersPerStage;
         public readonly uint MaximumTexturesPerStage;
@@ -65,6 +74,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         public Capabilities(
             TargetApi api,
             string vendorName,
+            SystemMemoryType memoryType,
             bool hasFrontFacingBug,
             bool hasVectorIndexingBug,
             bool needsFragmentOutputSpecialization,
@@ -93,6 +103,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             bool supportsMismatchingViewFormat,
             bool supportsCubemapView,
             bool supportsNonConstantTextureOffset,
+            bool supportsQuads,
             bool supportsSeparateSampler,
             bool supportsShaderBallot,
             bool supportsShaderBarrierDivergence,
@@ -105,6 +116,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             bool supportsViewportSwizzle,
             bool supportsIndirectParameters,
             bool supportsDepthClipControl,
+            int uniformBufferSetIndex,
+            int storageBufferSetIndex,
+            int textureSetIndex,
+            int imageSetIndex,
+            int extraSetBaseIndex,
+            int maximumExtraSets,
             uint maximumUniformBuffersPerStage,
             uint maximumStorageBuffersPerStage,
             uint maximumTexturesPerStage,
@@ -118,6 +135,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         {
             Api = api;
             VendorName = vendorName;
+            MemoryType = memoryType;
             HasFrontFacingBug = hasFrontFacingBug;
             HasVectorIndexingBug = hasVectorIndexingBug;
             NeedsFragmentOutputSpecialization = needsFragmentOutputSpecialization;
@@ -146,6 +164,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             SupportsMismatchingViewFormat = supportsMismatchingViewFormat;
             SupportsCubemapView = supportsCubemapView;
             SupportsNonConstantTextureOffset = supportsNonConstantTextureOffset;
+            SupportsQuads = supportsQuads;
             SupportsSeparateSampler = supportsSeparateSampler;
             SupportsShaderBallot = supportsShaderBallot;
             SupportsShaderBarrierDivergence = supportsShaderBarrierDivergence;
@@ -158,6 +177,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             SupportsViewportSwizzle = supportsViewportSwizzle;
             SupportsIndirectParameters = supportsIndirectParameters;
             SupportsDepthClipControl = supportsDepthClipControl;
+            UniformBufferSetIndex = uniformBufferSetIndex;
+            StorageBufferSetIndex = storageBufferSetIndex;
+            TextureSetIndex = textureSetIndex;
+            ImageSetIndex = imageSetIndex;
+            ExtraSetBaseIndex = extraSetBaseIndex;
+            MaximumExtraSets = maximumExtraSets;
             MaximumUniformBuffersPerStage = maximumUniformBuffersPerStage;
             MaximumStorageBuffersPerStage = maximumStorageBuffersPerStage;
             MaximumTexturesPerStage = maximumTexturesPerStage;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Format.cs

@@ -711,5 +711,36 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         {
             return format.IsUint() || format.IsSint();
         }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if the texture format is a float or sRGB color format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Does not include normalized, compressed or depth formats.
+        /// Float and sRGB formats do not participate in logical operations.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="format">Texture format</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the format is a float or sRGB color format, false otherwise</returns>
+        public static bool IsFloatOrSrgb(this Format format)
+        {
+            switch (format)
+            {
+                case Format.R8G8B8A8Srgb:
+                case Format.B8G8R8A8Srgb:
+                case Format.R16Float:
+                case Format.R16G16Float:
+                case Format.R16G16B16Float:
+                case Format.R16G16B16A16Float:
+                case Format.R32Float:
+                case Format.R32G32Float:
+                case Format.R32G32B32Float:
+                case Format.R32G32B32A32Float:
+                case Format.R11G11B10Float:
+                case Format.R9G9B9E5Float:
+                    return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/IPipeline.cs

@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 
         void SetImage(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture texture, Format imageFormat);
         void SetImageArray(ShaderStage stage, int binding, IImageArray array);
+        void SetImageArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, IImageArray array);
 
         void SetLineParameters(float width, bool smooth);
 
@@ -91,6 +92,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 
         void SetTextureAndSampler(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture texture, ISampler sampler);
         void SetTextureArray(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITextureArray array);
+        void SetTextureArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, ITextureArray array);
 
         void SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> buffers);
         void SetUniformBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferAssignment> buffers);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/IRenderer.cs

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         void BackgroundContextAction(Action action, bool alwaysBackground = false);
 
         BufferHandle CreateBuffer(int size, BufferAccess access = BufferAccess.Default);
-        BufferHandle CreateBuffer(int size, BufferAccess access, BufferHandle storageHint);
         BufferHandle CreateBuffer(nint pointer, int size);
         BufferHandle CreateBufferSparse(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> storageBuffers);
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/CommandHelper.cs

@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             }
 
             Register<ActionCommand>(CommandType.Action);
-            Register<CreateBufferCommand>(CommandType.CreateBuffer);
             Register<CreateBufferAccessCommand>(CommandType.CreateBufferAccess);
             Register<CreateBufferSparseCommand>(CommandType.CreateBufferSparse);
             Register<CreateHostBufferCommand>(CommandType.CreateHostBuffer);
@@ -125,6 +124,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<SetUniformBuffersCommand>(CommandType.SetUniformBuffers);
             Register<SetImageCommand>(CommandType.SetImage);
             Register<SetImageArrayCommand>(CommandType.SetImageArray);
+            Register<SetImageArraySeparateCommand>(CommandType.SetImageArraySeparate);
             Register<SetIndexBufferCommand>(CommandType.SetIndexBuffer);
             Register<SetLineParametersCommand>(CommandType.SetLineParameters);
             Register<SetLogicOpStateCommand>(CommandType.SetLogicOpState);
@@ -142,6 +142,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<SetStencilTestCommand>(CommandType.SetStencilTest);
             Register<SetTextureAndSamplerCommand>(CommandType.SetTextureAndSampler);
             Register<SetTextureArrayCommand>(CommandType.SetTextureArray);
+            Register<SetTextureArraySeparateCommand>(CommandType.SetTextureArraySeparate);
             Register<SetUserClipDistanceCommand>(CommandType.SetUserClipDistance);
             Register<SetVertexAttribsCommand>(CommandType.SetVertexAttribs);
             Register<SetVertexBuffersCommand>(CommandType.SetVertexBuffers);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/CommandType.cs

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
     enum CommandType : byte
     {
         Action,
-        CreateBuffer,
         CreateBufferAccess,
         CreateBufferSparse,
         CreateHostBuffer,
@@ -85,6 +84,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         SetUniformBuffers,
         SetImage,
         SetImageArray,
+        SetImageArraySeparate,
         SetIndexBuffer,
         SetLineParameters,
         SetLogicOpState,
@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         SetStencilTest,
         SetTextureAndSampler,
         SetTextureArray,
+        SetTextureArraySeparate,
         SetUserClipDistance,
         SetVertexAttribs,
         SetVertexBuffers,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Renderer/CreateBufferCommand.cs

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Renderer
-{
-    struct CreateBufferCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<CreateBufferCommand>
-    {
-        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.CreateBuffer;
-        private BufferHandle _threadedHandle;
-        private int _size;
-        private BufferAccess _access;
-        private BufferHandle _storageHint;
-
-        public void Set(BufferHandle threadedHandle, int size, BufferAccess access, BufferHandle storageHint)
-        {
-            _threadedHandle = threadedHandle;
-            _size = size;
-            _access = access;
-            _storageHint = storageHint;
-        }
-
-        public static void Run(ref CreateBufferCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
-        {
-            BufferHandle hint = BufferHandle.Null;
-
-            if (command._storageHint != BufferHandle.Null)
-            {
-                hint = threaded.Buffers.MapBuffer(command._storageHint);
-            }
-
-            threaded.Buffers.AssignBuffer(command._threadedHandle, renderer.CreateBuffer(command._size, command._access, hint));
-        }
-    }
-}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/SetImageArraySeparateCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands
+{
+    struct SetImageArraySeparateCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<SetImageArraySeparateCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.SetImageArraySeparate;
+        private ShaderStage _stage;
+        private int _setIndex;
+        private TableRef<IImageArray> _array;
+
+        public void Set(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, TableRef<IImageArray> array)
+        {
+            _stage = stage;
+            _setIndex = setIndex;
+            _array = array;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref SetImageArraySeparateCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArraySeparate(command._stage, command._setIndex, command._array.GetAs<ThreadedImageArray>(threaded)?.Base);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/SetTextureArraySeparateCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands
+{
+    struct SetTextureArraySeparateCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<SetTextureArraySeparateCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.SetTextureArraySeparate;
+        private ShaderStage _stage;
+        private int _setIndex;
+        private TableRef<ITextureArray> _array;
+
+        public void Set(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, TableRef<ITextureArray> array)
+        {
+            _stage = stage;
+            _setIndex = setIndex;
+            _array = array;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref SetTextureArraySeparateCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArraySeparate(command._stage, command._setIndex, command._array.GetAs<ThreadedTextureArray>(threaded)?.Base);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/ThreadedPipeline.cs

@@ -189,6 +189,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
+        public void SetImageArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, IImageArray array)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<SetImageArraySeparateCommand>().Set(stage, setIndex, Ref(array));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
         public void SetIndexBuffer(BufferRange buffer, IndexType type)
         {
             _renderer.New<SetIndexBufferCommand>().Set(buffer, type);
@@ -297,6 +303,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
+        public void SetTextureArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, ITextureArray array)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<SetTextureArraySeparateCommand>().Set(stage, setIndex, Ref(array));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
         public void SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> buffers)
         {
             _renderer.New<SetTransformFeedbackBuffersCommand>().Set(_renderer.CopySpan(buffers));

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/ThreadedRenderer.cs

@@ -272,15 +272,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             return handle;
         }
 
-        public BufferHandle CreateBuffer(int size, BufferAccess access, BufferHandle storageHint)
-        {
-            BufferHandle handle = Buffers.CreateBufferHandle();
-            New<CreateBufferCommand>().Set(handle, size, access, storageHint);
-            QueueCommand();
-
-            return handle;
-        }
-
         public BufferHandle CreateBuffer(nint pointer, int size)
         {
             BufferHandle handle = Buffers.CreateBufferHandle();

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/SystemMemoryType.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
+{
+    public enum SystemMemoryType
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The backend manages the ownership of memory. This mode never supports host imported memory.
+        /// </summary>
+        BackendManaged,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Device memory has similar performance to host memory, usually because it's shared between CPU/GPU.
+        /// Use host memory whenever possible.
+        /// </summary>
+        UnifiedMemory,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// GPU storage to host memory goes though a slow interconnect, but it would still be preferable to use it if the data is flushed back often.
+        /// Assumes constant buffer access to host memory is rather fast.
+        /// </summary>
+        DedicatedMemory,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// GPU storage to host memory goes though a slow interconnect, that is very slow when doing access from storage.
+        /// When frequently accessed, copy buffers to host memory using DMA.
+        /// Assumes constant buffer access to host memory is rather fast.
+        /// </summary>
+        DedicatedMemorySlowStorage
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/MME/MacroHLE.cs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.GPFifo;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Types;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
@@ -495,8 +496,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.MME
 
             ulong indirectBufferSize = (ulong)maxDrawCount * (ulong)stride;
 
-            MultiRange indirectBufferRange = bufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_processor.MemoryManager, indirectBufferGpuVa, indirectBufferSize);
-            MultiRange parameterBufferRange = bufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_processor.MemoryManager, parameterBufferGpuVa, 4);
+            MultiRange indirectBufferRange = bufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_processor.MemoryManager, indirectBufferGpuVa, indirectBufferSize, BufferStage.Indirect);
+            MultiRange parameterBufferRange = bufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_processor.MemoryManager, parameterBufferGpuVa, 4, BufferStage.Indirect);
 
             _processor.ThreedClass.DrawIndirect(
                 topology,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/ComputeDraw/VtgAsComputeContext.cs

@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
 
             ReadOnlySpan<byte> dataBytes = MemoryMarshal.Cast<int, byte>(data);
 
-            BufferHandle buffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(dataBytes.Length);
+            BufferHandle buffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(dataBytes.Length, BufferAccess.DeviceMemory);
             _context.Renderer.SetBufferData(buffer, 0, dataBytes);
 
             return new IndexBuffer(buffer, count, dataBytes.Length);
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
         {
             if (_dummyBuffer == BufferHandle.Null)
             {
-                _dummyBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(DummyBufferSize);
+                _dummyBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(DummyBufferSize, BufferAccess.DeviceMemory);
                 _context.Renderer.Pipeline.ClearBuffer(_dummyBuffer, 0, DummyBufferSize, 0);
             }
 
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
                     _context.Renderer.DeleteBuffer(_sequentialIndexBuffer);
                 }
 
-                _sequentialIndexBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(count * sizeof(uint));
+                _sequentialIndexBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(count * sizeof(uint), BufferAccess.DeviceMemory);
                 _sequentialIndexBufferCount = count;
 
                 Span<int> data = new int[count];
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
                     _context.Renderer.DeleteBuffer(buffer.Handle);
                 }
 
-                buffer.Handle = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(newSize);
+                buffer.Handle = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(newSize, BufferAccess.DeviceMemory);
                 buffer.Size = newSize;
             }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/ComputeDraw/VtgAsComputeState.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Types;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation;
@@ -370,7 +371,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
         {
             var memoryManager = _channel.MemoryManager;
 
-            BufferRange range = memoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(memoryManager.GetPhysicalRegions(address, size));
+            BufferRange range = memoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(memoryManager.GetPhysicalRegions(address, size), BufferStage.VertexBuffer);
 
             ITexture bufferTexture = _vacContext.EnsureBufferTexture(index + 2, format);
             bufferTexture.SetStorage(range);
@@ -412,7 +413,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
             var memoryManager = _channel.MemoryManager;
 
             ulong misalign = address & ((ulong)_context.Capabilities.TextureBufferOffsetAlignment - 1);
-            BufferRange range = memoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(memoryManager.GetPhysicalRegions(address + indexOffset - misalign, size + misalign));
+            BufferRange range = memoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(
+                memoryManager.GetPhysicalRegions(address + indexOffset - misalign, size + misalign),
+                BufferStage.IndexBuffer);
             misalignedOffset = (int)misalign >> shift;
 
             SetIndexBufferTexture(reservations, range, format);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/DrawManager.cs

@@ -684,8 +684,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
 
             if (hasCount)
             {
-                var indirectBuffer = memory.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(indirectBufferRange);
-                var parameterBuffer = memory.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(parameterBufferRange);
+                var indirectBuffer = memory.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(indirectBufferRange, BufferStage.Indirect);
+                var parameterBuffer = memory.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(parameterBufferRange, BufferStage.Indirect);
 
                 if (indexed)
                 {
@@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
             }
             else
             {
-                var indirectBuffer = memory.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(indirectBufferRange);
+                var indirectBuffer = memory.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(indirectBufferRange, BufferStage.Indirect);
 
                 if (indexed)
                 {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/GpuContext.cs

@@ -393,10 +393,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu
 
             if (force || _pendingSync || (syncpoint && SyncpointActions.Count > 0))
             {
-                Renderer.CreateSync(SyncNumber, strict);
+                foreach (var action in SyncActions)
+                {
+                    action.SyncPreAction(syncpoint);
+                }
 
-                SyncActions.ForEach(action => action.SyncPreAction(syncpoint));
-                SyncpointActions.ForEach(action => action.SyncPreAction(syncpoint));
+                foreach (var action in SyncpointActions)
+                {
+                    action.SyncPreAction(syncpoint);
+                }
+
+                Renderer.CreateSync(SyncNumber, strict);
 
                 SyncNumber++;
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/Texture.cs

@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         {
             _views.Remove(texture);
 
-            Group.RemoveView(texture);
+            Group.RemoveView(_views, texture);
 
             texture._viewStorage = texture;
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingInfo.cs

@@ -19,6 +19,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         public Format Format { get; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Shader texture host set index.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Set { get; }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Shader texture host binding point.
         /// </summary>
@@ -54,15 +59,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="target">The shader sampler target type</param>
         /// <param name="format">Format of the image as declared on the shader</param>
+        /// <param name="set">Shader texture host set index</param>
         /// <param name="binding">The shader texture binding point</param>
         /// <param name="arrayLength">For array of textures, this indicates the length of the array. A value of one indicates it is not an array</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Constant buffer slot where the texture handle is located</param>
         /// <param name="handle">The shader texture handle (read index into the texture constant buffer)</param>
         /// <param name="flags">The texture's usage flags, indicating how it is used in the shader</param>
-        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, Format format, int binding, int arrayLength, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags)
+        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, Format format, int set, int binding, int arrayLength, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags)
         {
             Target = target;
             Format = format;
+            Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
             ArrayLength = arrayLength;
             CbufSlot = cbufSlot;
@@ -74,6 +81,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// Constructs the texture binding information structure.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="target">The shader sampler target type</param>
+        /// <param name="set">Shader texture host set index</param>
         /// <param name="binding">The shader texture binding point</param>
         /// <param name="arrayLength">For array of textures, this indicates the length of the array. A value of one indicates it is not an array</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Constant buffer slot where the texture handle is located</param>
@@ -82,12 +90,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="isSamplerOnly">Indicates that the binding is for a sampler</param>
         public TextureBindingInfo(
             Target target,
+            int set,
             int binding,
             int arrayLength,
             int cbufSlot,
             int handle,
             TextureUsageFlags flags,
-            bool isSamplerOnly) : this(target, 0, binding, arrayLength, cbufSlot, handle, flags)
+            bool isSamplerOnly) : this(target, 0, set, binding, arrayLength, cbufSlot, handle, flags)
         {
             IsSamplerOnly = isSamplerOnly;
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingsArrayCache.cs

@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             int stageIndex,
             int textureBufferIndex,
             SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             Update(texturePool, samplerPool, stage, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex, isImage: false, samplerIndex, bindingInfo);
         }
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage index where the array is used</param>
         /// <param name="textureBufferIndex">Texture constant buffer index</param>
         /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
-        public void UpdateImageArray(TexturePool texturePool, ShaderStage stage, int stageIndex, int textureBufferIndex, TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+        public void UpdateImageArray(TexturePool texturePool, ShaderStage stage, int stageIndex, int textureBufferIndex, in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             Update(texturePool, null, stage, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex, isImage: true, SamplerIndex.ViaHeaderIndex, bindingInfo);
         }
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             int textureBufferIndex,
             bool isImage,
             SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             if (IsDirectHandleType(bindingInfo.Handle))
             {
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
         /// <param name="isImage">Whether the array is a image or texture array</param>
         /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
-        private void UpdateFromPool(TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool, ShaderStage stage, bool isImage, TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+        private void UpdateFromPool(TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool, ShaderStage stage, bool isImage, in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             CacheEntry entry = GetOrAddEntry(texturePool, samplerPool, bindingInfo, isImage, out bool isNewEntry);
 
@@ -638,11 +638,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 if (isImage)
                 {
-                    _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                    SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                    SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
                 }
 
                 return;
@@ -708,11 +708,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                             format = texture.Format;
                         }
 
-                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(entry.ImageArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, entry.ImageArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(entry.TextureArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, entry.TextureArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
                     }
                 }
                 else if (isImage)
@@ -737,14 +737,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 entry.ImageArray.SetFormats(0, formats);
                 entry.ImageArray.SetImages(0, textures);
 
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
             }
             else
             {
                 entry.TextureArray.SetSamplers(0, samplers);
                 entry.TextureArray.SetTextures(0, textures);
 
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
             }
         }
 
@@ -767,7 +767,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             int textureBufferIndex,
             bool isImage,
             SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             (textureBufferIndex, int samplerBufferIndex) = TextureHandle.UnpackSlots(bindingInfo.CbufSlot, textureBufferIndex);
 
@@ -800,11 +800,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                     if (isImage)
                     {
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                        SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                        SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
                     }
 
                     return;
@@ -829,11 +829,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                     if (isImage)
                     {
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                        SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                        SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
                     }
 
                     return;
@@ -921,11 +921,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                             format = texture.Format;
                         }
 
-                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(entry.ImageArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, entry.ImageArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(entry.TextureArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, entry.TextureArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
                     }
                 }
                 else if (isImage)
@@ -950,14 +950,50 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 entry.ImageArray.SetFormats(0, formats);
                 entry.ImageArray.SetImages(0, textures);
 
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
             }
             else
             {
                 entry.TextureArray.SetSamplers(0, samplers);
                 entry.TextureArray.SetTextures(0, textures);
 
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates a texture array binding on the host.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        /// <param name="array">Texture array</param>
+        private void SetTextureArray(ShaderStage stage, in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo, ITextureArray array)
+        {
+            if (bindingInfo.Set >= _context.Capabilities.ExtraSetBaseIndex && _context.Capabilities.MaximumExtraSets != 0)
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArraySeparate(stage, bindingInfo.Set, array);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, array);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates a image array binding on the host.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        /// <param name="array">Image array</param>
+        private void SetImageArray(ShaderStage stage, in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo, IImageArray array)
+        {
+            if (bindingInfo.Set >= _context.Capabilities.ExtraSetBaseIndex && _context.Capabilities.MaximumExtraSets != 0)
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArraySeparate(stage, bindingInfo.Set, array);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, array);
             }
         }
 
@@ -973,7 +1009,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private CacheEntry GetOrAddEntry(
             TexturePool texturePool,
             SamplerPool samplerPool,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
             bool isImage,
             out bool isNew)
         {
@@ -1015,7 +1051,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private CacheEntryFromBuffer GetOrAddEntry(
             TexturePool texturePool,
             SamplerPool samplerPool,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
             bool isImage,
             ref BufferBounds textureBufferBounds,
             out bool isNew)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureCache.cs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 {
@@ -39,6 +40,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private readonly MultiRangeList<Texture> _textures;
         private readonly HashSet<Texture> _partiallyMappedTextures;
 
+        private readonly ReaderWriterLockSlim _texturesLock;
+
         private Texture[] _textureOverlaps;
         private OverlapInfo[] _overlapInfo;
 
@@ -57,6 +60,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             _textures = new MultiRangeList<Texture>();
             _partiallyMappedTextures = new HashSet<Texture>();
 
+            _texturesLock = new ReaderWriterLockSlim();
+
             _textureOverlaps = new Texture[OverlapsBufferInitialCapacity];
             _overlapInfo = new OverlapInfo[OverlapsBufferInitialCapacity];
 
@@ -75,10 +80,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             MultiRange unmapped = ((MemoryManager)sender).GetPhysicalRegions(e.Address, e.Size);
 
-            lock (_textures)
+            _texturesLock.EnterReadLock();
+
+            try
             {
                 overlapCount = _textures.FindOverlaps(unmapped, ref overlaps);
             }
+            finally
+            {
+                _texturesLock.ExitReadLock();
+            }
 
             if (overlapCount > 0)
             {
@@ -217,7 +228,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         public bool UpdateMapping(Texture texture, MultiRange range)
         {
             // There cannot be an existing texture compatible with this mapping in the texture cache already.
-            int overlapCount = _textures.FindOverlaps(range, ref _textureOverlaps);
+            int overlapCount;
+
+            _texturesLock.EnterReadLock();
+
+            try
+            {
+                overlapCount = _textures.FindOverlaps(range, ref _textureOverlaps);
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                _texturesLock.ExitReadLock();
+            }
 
             for (int i = 0; i < overlapCount; i++)
             {
@@ -231,11 +253,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 }
             }
 
-            _textures.Remove(texture);
+            _texturesLock.EnterWriteLock();
 
-            texture.ReplaceRange(range);
+            try
+            {
+                _textures.Remove(texture);
 
-            _textures.Add(texture);
+                texture.ReplaceRange(range);
+
+                _textures.Add(texture);
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                _texturesLock.ExitWriteLock();
+            }
 
             return true;
         }
@@ -611,11 +642,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             int sameAddressOverlapsCount;
 
-            lock (_textures)
+            _texturesLock.EnterReadLock();
+
+            try
             {
                 // Try to find a perfect texture match, with the same address and parameters.
                 sameAddressOverlapsCount = _textures.FindOverlaps(address, ref _textureOverlaps);
             }
+            finally
+            {
+                _texturesLock.ExitReadLock();
+            }
 
             Texture texture = null;
 
@@ -698,10 +735,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             if (info.Target != Target.TextureBuffer)
             {
-                lock (_textures)
+                _texturesLock.EnterReadLock();
+
+                try
                 {
                     overlapsCount = _textures.FindOverlaps(range.Value, ref _textureOverlaps);
                 }
+                finally
+                {
+                    _texturesLock.ExitReadLock();
+                }
             }
 
             if (_overlapInfo.Length != _textureOverlaps.Length)
@@ -1025,10 +1068,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 _cache.Add(texture);
             }
 
-            lock (_textures)
+            _texturesLock.EnterWriteLock();
+
+            try
             {
                 _textures.Add(texture);
             }
+            finally
+            {
+                _texturesLock.ExitWriteLock();
+            }
 
             if (partiallyMapped)
             {
@@ -1091,7 +1140,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 return null;
             }
 
-            int addressMatches = _textures.FindOverlaps(address, ref _textureOverlaps);
+            int addressMatches;
+
+            _texturesLock.EnterReadLock();
+
+            try
+            {
+                addressMatches = _textures.FindOverlaps(address, ref _textureOverlaps);
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                _texturesLock.ExitReadLock();
+            }
+
             Texture textureMatch = null;
 
             for (int i = 0; i < addressMatches; i++)
@@ -1232,10 +1293,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="texture">The texture to be removed</param>
         public void RemoveTextureFromCache(Texture texture)
         {
-            lock (_textures)
+            _texturesLock.EnterWriteLock();
+
+            try
             {
                 _textures.Remove(texture);
             }
+            finally
+            {
+                _texturesLock.ExitWriteLock();
+            }
 
             lock (_partiallyMappedTextures)
             {
@@ -1324,13 +1391,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         public void Dispose()
         {
-            lock (_textures)
+            _texturesLock.EnterReadLock();
+
+            try
             {
                 foreach (Texture texture in _textures)
                 {
                     texture.Dispose();
                 }
             }
+            finally
+            {
+                _texturesLock.ExitReadLock();
+            }
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureGroup.cs

@@ -88,9 +88,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private MultiRange TextureRange => Storage.Range;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// The views list from the storage texture.
+        /// The views array from the storage texture.
         /// </summary>
-        private List<Texture> _views;
+        private Texture[] _views;
         private TextureGroupHandle[] _handles;
         private bool[] _loadNeeded;
 
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    _flushBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer((int)Storage.Size, BufferAccess.FlushPersistent);
+                    _flushBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer((int)Storage.Size, BufferAccess.HostMemory);
                     _flushBufferImported = false;
                 }
 
@@ -1074,7 +1074,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         public void UpdateViews(List<Texture> views, Texture texture)
         {
             // This is saved to calculate overlapping views for each handle.
-            _views = views;
+            _views = views.ToArray();
 
             bool layerViews = _hasLayerViews;
             bool mipViews = _hasMipViews;
@@ -1136,9 +1136,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <summary>
         /// Removes a view from the group, removing it from all overlap lists.
         /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="views">The views list of the storage texture</param>
         /// <param name="view">View to remove from the group</param>
-        public void RemoveView(Texture view)
+        public void RemoveView(List<Texture> views, Texture view)
         {
+            // This is saved to calculate overlapping views for each handle.
+            _views = views.ToArray();
+
             int offset = FindOffset(view);
 
             foreach (TextureGroupHandle handle in _handles)
@@ -1605,9 +1609,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             Storage.SignalModifiedDirty();
 
-            if (_views != null)
+            Texture[] views = _views;
+
+            if (views != null)
             {
-                foreach (Texture texture in _views)
+                foreach (Texture texture in views)
                 {
                     texture.SignalModifiedDirty();
                 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureGroupHandle.cs

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         public TextureGroupHandle(TextureGroup group,
                                   int offset,
                                   ulong size,
-                                  List<Texture> views,
+                                  IEnumerable<Texture> views,
                                   int firstLayer,
                                   int firstLevel,
                                   int baseSlice,
@@ -201,8 +201,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// Calculate a list of which views overlap this handle.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="group">The parent texture group, used to find a view's base CPU VA offset</param>
-        /// <param name="views">The list of views to search for overlaps</param>
-        public void RecalculateOverlaps(TextureGroup group, List<Texture> views)
+        /// <param name="views">The views to search for overlaps</param>
+        public void RecalculateOverlaps(TextureGroup group, IEnumerable<Texture> views)
         {
             // Overlaps can be accessed from the memory tracking signal handler, so access must be atomic.
             lock (Overlaps)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/Buffer.cs

@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 {
+    delegate void BufferFlushAction(ulong address, ulong size, ulong syncNumber);
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Buffer, used to store vertex and index data, uniform and storage buffers, and others.
     /// </summary>
@@ -23,7 +25,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <summary>
         /// Host buffer handle.
         /// </summary>
-        public BufferHandle Handle { get; }
+        public BufferHandle Handle { get; private set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Start address of the buffer in guest memory.
@@ -60,6 +62,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// </remarks>
         private BufferModifiedRangeList _modifiedRanges = null;
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A structure that is used to flush buffer data back to a host mapped buffer for cached readback.
+        /// Only used if the buffer data is explicitly owned by device local memory.
+        /// </summary>
+        private BufferPreFlush _preFlush = null;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Usage tracking state that determines what type of backing the buffer should use.
+        /// </summary>
+        public BufferBackingState BackingState;
+
         private readonly MultiRegionHandle _memoryTrackingGranular;
         private readonly RegionHandle _memoryTracking;
 
@@ -87,6 +100,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="physicalMemory">Physical memory where the buffer is mapped</param>
         /// <param name="address">Start address of the buffer</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size of the buffer in bytes</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
         /// <param name="sparseCompatible">Indicates if the buffer can be used in a sparse buffer mapping</param>
         /// <param name="baseBuffers">Buffers which this buffer contains, and will inherit tracking handles from</param>
         public Buffer(
@@ -94,6 +108,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             PhysicalMemory physicalMemory,
             ulong address,
             ulong size,
+            BufferStage stage,
             bool sparseCompatible,
             IEnumerable<Buffer> baseBuffers = null)
         {
@@ -103,9 +118,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             Size = size;
             SparseCompatible = sparseCompatible;
 
-            BufferAccess access = sparseCompatible ? BufferAccess.SparseCompatible : BufferAccess.Default;
+            BackingState = new BufferBackingState(_context, this, stage, baseBuffers);
 
-            Handle = context.Renderer.CreateBuffer((int)size, access, baseBuffers?.MaxBy(x => x.Size).Handle ?? BufferHandle.Null);
+            BufferAccess access = BackingState.SwitchAccess(this);
+
+            Handle = context.Renderer.CreateBuffer((int)size, access);
 
             _useGranular = size > GranularBufferThreshold;
 
@@ -161,6 +178,29 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             _virtualDependenciesLock = new ReaderWriterLockSlim();
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Recreates the backing buffer based on the desired access type
+        /// reported by the backing state struct.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void ChangeBacking()
+        {
+            BufferAccess access = BackingState.SwitchAccess(this);
+
+            BufferHandle newHandle = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer((int)Size, access);
+
+            _context.Renderer.Pipeline.CopyBuffer(Handle, newHandle, 0, 0, (int)Size);
+
+            _modifiedRanges?.SelfMigration();
+
+            // If swtiching from device local to host mapped, pre-flushing data no longer makes sense.
+            // This is set to null and disposed when the migration fully completes.
+            _preFlush = null;
+
+            Handle = newHandle;
+
+            _physicalMemory.BufferCache.BufferBackingChanged(this);
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets a sub-range from the buffer, from a start address til a page boundary after the given size.
         /// </summary>
@@ -246,6 +286,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                     }
                     else
                     {
+                        BackingState.RecordSet();
                         _context.Renderer.SetBufferData(Handle, 0, _physicalMemory.GetSpan(Address, (int)Size));
                         CopyToDependantVirtualBuffers();
                     }
@@ -283,15 +324,35 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             _modifiedRanges ??= new BufferModifiedRangeList(_context, this, Flush);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if a backing change is deemed necessary from the given usage.
+        /// If it is, queues a backing change to happen on the next sync action.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stage">Buffer stage that can change backing type</param>
+        private void TryQueueBackingChange(BufferStage stage)
+        {
+            if (BackingState.ShouldChangeBacking(stage))
+            {
+                if (!_syncActionRegistered)
+                {
+                    _context.RegisterSyncAction(this);
+                    _syncActionRegistered = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Signal that the given region of the buffer has been modified.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="address">The start address of the modified region</param>
         /// <param name="size">The size of the modified region</param>
-        public void SignalModified(ulong address, ulong size)
+        /// <param name="stage">Buffer stage that triggered the modification</param>
+        public void SignalModified(ulong address, ulong size, BufferStage stage)
         {
             EnsureRangeList();
 
+            TryQueueBackingChange(stage);
+
             _modifiedRanges.SignalModified(address, size);
 
             if (!_syncActionRegistered)
@@ -311,6 +372,37 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             _modifiedRanges?.Clear(address, size);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Action to be performed immediately before sync is created.
+        /// This will copy any buffer ranges designated for pre-flushing.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="syncpoint">True if the action is a guest syncpoint</param>
+        public void SyncPreAction(bool syncpoint)
+        {
+            if (_referenceCount == 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (BackingState.ShouldChangeBacking())
+            {
+                ChangeBacking();
+            }
+
+            if (BackingState.IsDeviceLocal)
+            {
+                _preFlush ??= new BufferPreFlush(_context, this, FlushImpl);
+
+                if (_preFlush.ShouldCopy)
+                {
+                    _modifiedRanges?.GetRangesAtSync(Address, Size, _context.SyncNumber, (address, size) =>
+                    {
+                        _preFlush.CopyModified(address, size);
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Action to be performed when a syncpoint is reached after modification.
         /// This will register read/write tracking to flush the buffer from GPU when its memory is used.
@@ -466,6 +558,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="mSize">Size of the modified region</param>
         private void LoadRegion(ulong mAddress, ulong mSize)
         {
+            BackingState.RecordSet();
+
             int offset = (int)(mAddress - Address);
 
             _context.Renderer.SetBufferData(Handle, offset, _physicalMemory.GetSpan(mAddress, (int)mSize));
@@ -539,18 +633,84 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// Flushes a range of the buffer.
         /// This writes the range data back into guest memory.
         /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="handle">Buffer handle to flush data from</param>
         /// <param name="address">Start address of the range</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the range</param>
-        public void Flush(ulong address, ulong size)
+        private void FlushImpl(BufferHandle handle, ulong address, ulong size)
         {
             int offset = (int)(address - Address);
 
-            using PinnedSpan<byte> data = _context.Renderer.GetBufferData(Handle, offset, (int)size);
+            using PinnedSpan<byte> data = _context.Renderer.GetBufferData(handle, offset, (int)size);
 
             // TODO: When write tracking shaders, they will need to be aware of changes in overlapping buffers.
             _physicalMemory.WriteUntracked(address, CopyFromDependantVirtualBuffers(data.Get(), address, size));
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flushes a range of the buffer.
+        /// This writes the range data back into guest memory.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="address">Start address of the range</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the range</param>
+        private void FlushImpl(ulong address, ulong size)
+        {
+            FlushImpl(Handle, address, size);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flushes a range of the buffer from the most optimal source.
+        /// This writes the range data back into guest memory.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="address">Start address of the range</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the range</param>
+        /// <param name="syncNumber">Sync number waited for before flushing the data</param>
+        public void Flush(ulong address, ulong size, ulong syncNumber)
+        {
+            BackingState.RecordFlush();
+
+            BufferPreFlush preFlush = _preFlush;
+
+            if (preFlush != null)
+            {
+                preFlush.FlushWithAction(address, size, syncNumber);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                FlushImpl(address, size);
+            }
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets an action that disposes the backing buffer using its current handle.
+        /// Useful for deleting an old copy of the buffer after the handle changes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>An action that flushes data from the specified range, using the buffer handle at the time the method is generated</returns>
+        public Action GetSnapshotDisposeAction()
+        {
+            BufferHandle handle = Handle;
+            BufferPreFlush preFlush = _preFlush;
+
+            return () =>
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.DeleteBuffer(handle);
+                preFlush?.Dispose();
+            };
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets an action that flushes a range of the buffer using its current handle.
+        /// Useful for flushing data from old copies of the buffer after the handle changes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>An action that flushes data from the specified range, using the buffer handle at the time the method is generated</returns>
+        public BufferFlushAction GetSnapshotFlushAction()
+        {
+            BufferHandle handle = Handle;
+
+            return (ulong address, ulong size, ulong _) =>
+            {
+                FlushImpl(handle, address, size);
+            };
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Align a given address and size region to page boundaries.
         /// </summary>
@@ -857,6 +1017,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             _modifiedRanges?.Clear();
 
             _context.Renderer.DeleteBuffer(Handle);
+            _preFlush?.Dispose();
+            _preFlush = null;
 
             UnmappedSequence++;
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferBackingState.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Type of backing memory.
+    /// In ascending order of priority when merging multiple buffer backing states.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal enum BufferBackingType
+    {
+        HostMemory,
+        DeviceMemory,
+        DeviceMemoryWithFlush
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Keeps track of buffer usage to decide what memory heap that buffer memory is placed on.
+    /// Dedicated GPUs prefer certain types of resources to be device local,
+    /// and if we need data to be read back, we might prefer that they're in host memory.
+    /// 
+    /// The measurements recorded here compare to a set of heruristics (thresholds and conditions)
+    /// that appear to produce good performance in most software.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal struct BufferBackingState
+    {
+        private const int DeviceLocalSizeThreshold = 256 * 1024; // 256kb
+
+        private const int SetCountThreshold = 100;
+        private const int WriteCountThreshold = 50;
+        private const int FlushCountThreshold = 5;
+        private const int DeviceLocalForceExpiry = 100;
+
+        public readonly bool IsDeviceLocal => _activeType != BufferBackingType.HostMemory;
+
+        private readonly SystemMemoryType _systemMemoryType;
+        private BufferBackingType _activeType;
+        private BufferBackingType _desiredType;
+
+        private bool _canSwap;
+
+        private int _setCount;
+        private int _writeCount;
+        private int _flushCount;
+        private int _flushTemp;
+        private int _lastFlushWrite;
+        private int _deviceLocalForceCount;
+
+        private readonly int _size;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initialize the buffer backing state for a given parent buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="context">GPU context</param>
+        /// <param name="parent">Parent buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">Initial buffer stage</param>
+        /// <param name="baseBuffers">Buffers to inherit state from</param>
+        public BufferBackingState(GpuContext context, Buffer parent, BufferStage stage, IEnumerable<Buffer> baseBuffers = null)
+        {
+            _size = (int)parent.Size;
+            _systemMemoryType = context.Capabilities.MemoryType;
+
+            // Backend managed is always auto, unified memory is always host.
+            _desiredType = BufferBackingType.HostMemory;
+            _canSwap = _systemMemoryType != SystemMemoryType.BackendManaged && _systemMemoryType != SystemMemoryType.UnifiedMemory;
+
+            if (_canSwap)
+            {
+                // Might want to start certain buffers as being device local,
+                // and the usage might also lock those buffers into being device local.
+
+                BufferStage storageFlags = stage & BufferStage.StorageMask;
+
+                if (parent.Size > DeviceLocalSizeThreshold && baseBuffers == null)
+                {
+                    _desiredType = BufferBackingType.DeviceMemory;
+                }
+
+                if (storageFlags != 0)
+                {
+                    // Storage buffer bindings may require special treatment.
+
+                    var rawStage = stage & BufferStage.StageMask;
+
+                    if (rawStage == BufferStage.Fragment)
+                    {
+                        // Fragment read should start device local.
+
+                        _desiredType = BufferBackingType.DeviceMemory;
+
+                        if (storageFlags != BufferStage.StorageRead)
+                        {
+                            // Fragment write should stay device local until the use doesn't happen anymore.
+
+                            _deviceLocalForceCount = DeviceLocalForceExpiry;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // TODO: Might be nice to force atomic access to be device local for any stage.
+                }
+
+                if (baseBuffers != null)
+                {
+                    foreach (Buffer buffer in baseBuffers)
+                    {
+                        CombineState(buffer.BackingState);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Combine buffer backing types, selecting the one with highest priority.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="left">First buffer backing type</param>
+        /// <param name="right">Second buffer backing type</param>
+        /// <returns>Combined buffer backing type</returns>
+        private static BufferBackingType CombineTypes(BufferBackingType left, BufferBackingType right)
+        {
+            return (BufferBackingType)Math.Max((int)left, (int)right);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Combine the state from the given buffer backing state with this one,
+        /// so that the state isn't lost when migrating buffers.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="oldState">Buffer state to combine into this state</param>
+        private void CombineState(BufferBackingState oldState)
+        {
+            _setCount += oldState._setCount;
+            _writeCount += oldState._writeCount;
+            _flushCount += oldState._flushCount;
+            _flushTemp += oldState._flushTemp;
+            _lastFlushWrite = -1;
+            _deviceLocalForceCount = Math.Max(_deviceLocalForceCount, oldState._deviceLocalForceCount);
+
+            _canSwap &= oldState._canSwap;
+
+            _desiredType = CombineTypes(_desiredType, oldState._desiredType);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the buffer access for the desired backing type, and record that type as now being active.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="parent">Parent buffer</param>
+        /// <returns>Buffer access</returns>
+        public BufferAccess SwitchAccess(Buffer parent)
+        {
+            BufferAccess access = parent.SparseCompatible ? BufferAccess.SparseCompatible : BufferAccess.Default;
+
+            bool isBackendManaged = _systemMemoryType == SystemMemoryType.BackendManaged;
+
+            if (!isBackendManaged)
+            {
+                switch (_desiredType)
+                {
+                    case BufferBackingType.HostMemory:
+                        access |= BufferAccess.HostMemory;
+                        break;
+                    case BufferBackingType.DeviceMemory:
+                        access |= BufferAccess.DeviceMemory;
+                        break;
+                    case BufferBackingType.DeviceMemoryWithFlush:
+                        access |= BufferAccess.DeviceMemoryMapped;
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            _activeType = _desiredType;
+
+            return access;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Record when data has been uploaded to the buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void RecordSet()
+        {
+            _setCount++;
+
+            ConsiderUseCounts();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Record when data has been flushed from the buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void RecordFlush()
+        {
+            if (_lastFlushWrite != _writeCount)
+            {
+                // If it's on the same page as the last flush, ignore it.
+                _lastFlushWrite = _writeCount;
+                _flushCount++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Determine if the buffer backing should be changed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if the desired backing type is different from the current type</returns>
+        public readonly bool ShouldChangeBacking()
+        {
+            return _desiredType != _activeType;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Determine if the buffer backing should be changed, considering a new use with the given buffer stage.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stage">Buffer stage for the use</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the desired backing type is different from the current type</returns>
+        public bool ShouldChangeBacking(BufferStage stage)
+        {
+            if (!_canSwap)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            BufferStage storageFlags = stage & BufferStage.StorageMask;
+
+            if (storageFlags != 0)
+            {
+                if (storageFlags != BufferStage.StorageRead)
+                {
+                    // Storage write.
+                    _writeCount++;
+
+                    var rawStage = stage & BufferStage.StageMask;
+
+                    if (rawStage == BufferStage.Fragment)
+                    {
+                        // Switch to device memory, swap back only if this use disappears.
+
+                        _desiredType = CombineTypes(_desiredType, BufferBackingType.DeviceMemory);
+                        _deviceLocalForceCount = DeviceLocalForceExpiry;
+
+                        // TODO: Might be nice to force atomic access to be device local for any stage.
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ConsiderUseCounts();
+            }
+
+            return _desiredType != _activeType;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Evaluate the current counts to determine what the buffer's desired backing type is.
+        /// This method depends on heuristics devised by testing a variety of software.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void ConsiderUseCounts()
+        {
+            if (_canSwap)
+            {
+                if (_writeCount >= WriteCountThreshold || _setCount >= SetCountThreshold || _flushCount >= FlushCountThreshold)
+                {
+                    if (_deviceLocalForceCount > 0 && --_deviceLocalForceCount != 0)
+                    {
+                        // Some buffer usage demanded that the buffer stay device local.
+                        // The desired type was selected when this counter was set.
+                    }
+                    else if (_flushCount > 0 || _flushTemp-- > 0)
+                    {
+                        // Buffers that flush should ideally be mapped in host address space for easy copies.
+                        // If the buffer is large it will do better on GPU memory, as there will be more writes than data flushes (typically individual pages).
+                        // If it is small, then it's likely most of the buffer will be flushed so we want it on host memory, as access is cached.
+                        _desiredType = _size > DeviceLocalSizeThreshold ? BufferBackingType.DeviceMemoryWithFlush : BufferBackingType.HostMemory;
+                    }
+                    else if (_writeCount >= WriteCountThreshold)
+                    {
+                        // Buffers that are written often should ideally be in the device local heap. (Storage buffers)
+                        _desiredType = BufferBackingType.DeviceMemory;
+                    }
+                    else if (_setCount > SetCountThreshold)
+                    {
+                        // Buffers that have their data set often should ideally be host mapped. (Constant buffers)
+                        _desiredType = BufferBackingType.HostMemory;
+                    }
+
+                    // It's harder for a buffer that is flushed to revert to another type of mapping.
+                    if (_flushCount > 0)
+                    {
+                        _flushTemp = 1000;
+                    }
+
+                    _lastFlushWrite = -1;
+                    _flushCount = 0;
+                    _writeCount = 0;
+                    _setCount = 0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferCache.cs

@@ -107,8 +107,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="memoryManager">GPU memory manager where the buffer is mapped</param>
         /// <param name="gpuVa">Start GPU virtual address of the buffer</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
         /// <returns>Contiguous physical range of the buffer, after address translation</returns>
-        public MultiRange TranslateAndCreateBuffer(MemoryManager memoryManager, ulong gpuVa, ulong size)
+        public MultiRange TranslateAndCreateBuffer(MemoryManager memoryManager, ulong gpuVa, ulong size, BufferStage stage)
         {
             if (gpuVa == 0)
             {
@@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
             if (address != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped)
             {
-                CreateBuffer(address, size);
+                CreateBuffer(address, size, stage);
             }
 
             return new MultiRange(address, size);
@@ -132,8 +133,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="memoryManager">GPU memory manager where the buffer is mapped</param>
         /// <param name="gpuVa">Start GPU virtual address of the buffer</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
         /// <returns>Physical ranges of the buffer, after address translation</returns>
-        public MultiRange TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(MemoryManager memoryManager, ulong gpuVa, ulong size)
+        public MultiRange TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(MemoryManager memoryManager, ulong gpuVa, ulong size, BufferStage stage)
         {
             if (gpuVa == 0)
             {
@@ -149,7 +151,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 return range;
             }
 
-            CreateBuffer(range);
+            CreateBuffer(range, stage);
 
             return range;
         }
@@ -161,8 +163,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="memoryManager">GPU memory manager where the buffer is mapped</param>
         /// <param name="gpuVa">Start GPU virtual address of the buffer</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
         /// <returns>Physical ranges of the buffer, after address translation</returns>
-        public MultiRange TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffersPhysicalOnly(MemoryManager memoryManager, ulong gpuVa, ulong size)
+        public MultiRange TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffersPhysicalOnly(MemoryManager memoryManager, ulong gpuVa, ulong size, BufferStage stage)
         {
             if (gpuVa == 0)
             {
@@ -186,11 +189,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 {
                     if (range.Count > 1)
                     {
-                        CreateBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, SparseBufferAlignmentSize);
+                        CreateBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, stage, SparseBufferAlignmentSize);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        CreateBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size);
+                        CreateBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, stage);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -203,11 +206,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// This can be used to ensure the existance of a buffer.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="range">Physical ranges of memory where the buffer data is located</param>
-        public void CreateBuffer(MultiRange range)
+        /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
+        public void CreateBuffer(MultiRange range, BufferStage stage)
         {
             if (range.Count > 1)
             {
-                CreateMultiRangeBuffer(range);
+                CreateMultiRangeBuffer(range, stage);
             }
             else
             {
@@ -215,7 +219,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                 if (subRange.Address != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped)
                 {
-                    CreateBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size);
+                    CreateBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, stage);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -226,7 +230,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="address">Address of the buffer in memory</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size of the buffer in bytes</param>
-        public void CreateBuffer(ulong address, ulong size)
+        /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
+        public void CreateBuffer(ulong address, ulong size, BufferStage stage)
         {
             ulong endAddress = address + size;
 
@@ -239,7 +244,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 alignedEndAddress += BufferAlignmentSize;
             }
 
-            CreateBufferAligned(alignedAddress, alignedEndAddress - alignedAddress);
+            CreateBufferAligned(alignedAddress, alignedEndAddress - alignedAddress, stage);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -248,8 +253,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="address">Address of the buffer in memory</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size of the buffer in bytes</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
         /// <param name="alignment">Alignment of the start address of the buffer in bytes</param>
-        public void CreateBuffer(ulong address, ulong size, ulong alignment)
+        public void CreateBuffer(ulong address, ulong size, BufferStage stage, ulong alignment)
         {
             ulong alignmentMask = alignment - 1;
             ulong pageAlignmentMask = BufferAlignmentMask;
@@ -264,7 +270,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 alignedEndAddress += pageAlignmentMask;
             }
 
-            CreateBufferAligned(alignedAddress, alignedEndAddress - alignedAddress, alignment);
+            CreateBufferAligned(alignedAddress, alignedEndAddress - alignedAddress, stage, alignment);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -272,7 +278,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// if it does not exist yet.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="range">Physical ranges of memory</param>
-        private void CreateMultiRangeBuffer(MultiRange range)
+        /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
+        private void CreateMultiRangeBuffer(MultiRange range, BufferStage stage)
         {
             // Ensure all non-contiguous buffer we might use are sparse aligned.
             for (int i = 0; i < range.Count; i++)
@@ -281,7 +288,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                 if (subRange.Address != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped)
                 {
-                    CreateBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, SparseBufferAlignmentSize);
+                    CreateBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, stage, SparseBufferAlignmentSize);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -431,9 +438,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 result.EndGpuAddress < gpuVa + size ||
                 result.UnmappedSequence != result.Buffer.UnmappedSequence)
             {
-                MultiRange range = TranslateAndCreateBuffer(memoryManager, gpuVa, size);
+                MultiRange range = TranslateAndCreateBuffer(memoryManager, gpuVa, size, BufferStage.Internal);
                 ulong address = range.GetSubRange(0).Address;
-                result = new BufferCacheEntry(address, gpuVa, GetBuffer(address, size));
+                result = new BufferCacheEntry(address, gpuVa, GetBuffer(address, size, BufferStage.Internal));
 
                 _dirtyCache[gpuVa] = result;
             }
@@ -466,9 +473,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 result.EndGpuAddress < alignedEndGpuVa ||
                 result.UnmappedSequence != result.Buffer.UnmappedSequence)
             {
-                MultiRange range = TranslateAndCreateBuffer(memoryManager, alignedGpuVa, size);
+                MultiRange range = TranslateAndCreateBuffer(memoryManager, alignedGpuVa, size, BufferStage.None);
                 ulong address = range.GetSubRange(0).Address;
-                result = new BufferCacheEntry(address, alignedGpuVa, GetBuffer(address, size));
+                result = new BufferCacheEntry(address, alignedGpuVa, GetBuffer(address, size, BufferStage.None));
 
                 _modifiedCache[alignedGpuVa] = result;
             }
@@ -485,7 +492,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="address">Address of the buffer in guest memory</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the buffer</param>
-        private void CreateBufferAligned(ulong address, ulong size)
+        /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
+        private void CreateBufferAligned(ulong address, ulong size, BufferStage stage)
         {
             Buffer[] overlaps = _bufferOverlaps;
             int overlapsCount = _buffers.FindOverlapsNonOverlapping(address, size, ref overlaps);
@@ -546,13 +554,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                     ulong newSize = endAddress - address;
 
-                    CreateBufferAligned(address, newSize, anySparseCompatible, overlaps, overlapsCount);
+                    CreateBufferAligned(address, newSize, stage, anySparseCompatible, overlaps, overlapsCount);
                 }
             }
             else
             {
                 // No overlap, just create a new buffer.
-                Buffer buffer = new(_context, _physicalMemory, address, size, sparseCompatible: false);
+                Buffer buffer = new(_context, _physicalMemory, address, size, stage, sparseCompatible: false);
 
                 lock (_buffers)
                 {
@@ -570,8 +578,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="address">Address of the buffer in guest memory</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
         /// <param name="alignment">Alignment of the start address of the buffer</param>
-        private void CreateBufferAligned(ulong address, ulong size, ulong alignment)
+        private void CreateBufferAligned(ulong address, ulong size, BufferStage stage, ulong alignment)
         {
             Buffer[] overlaps = _bufferOverlaps;
             int overlapsCount = _buffers.FindOverlapsNonOverlapping(address, size, ref overlaps);
@@ -624,13 +633,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                     ulong newSize = endAddress - address;
 
-                    CreateBufferAligned(address, newSize, sparseAligned, overlaps, overlapsCount);
+                    CreateBufferAligned(address, newSize, stage, sparseAligned, overlaps, overlapsCount);
                 }
             }
             else
             {
                 // No overlap, just create a new buffer.
-                Buffer buffer = new(_context, _physicalMemory, address, size, sparseAligned);
+                Buffer buffer = new(_context, _physicalMemory, address, size, stage, sparseAligned);
 
                 lock (_buffers)
                 {
@@ -648,12 +657,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="address">Address of the buffer in guest memory</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">The type of usage that created the buffer</param>
         /// <param name="sparseCompatible">Indicates if the buffer can be used in a sparse buffer mapping</param>
         /// <param name="overlaps">Buffers overlapping the range</param>
         /// <param name="overlapsCount">Total of overlaps</param>
-        private void CreateBufferAligned(ulong address, ulong size, bool sparseCompatible, Buffer[] overlaps, int overlapsCount)
+        private void CreateBufferAligned(ulong address, ulong size, BufferStage stage, bool sparseCompatible, Buffer[] overlaps, int overlapsCount)
         {
-            Buffer newBuffer = new Buffer(_context, _physicalMemory, address, size, sparseCompatible, overlaps.Take(overlapsCount));
+            Buffer newBuffer = new Buffer(_context, _physicalMemory, address, size, stage, sparseCompatible, overlaps.Take(overlapsCount));
 
             lock (_buffers)
             {
@@ -704,7 +714,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
             for (int index = 0; index < overlapCount; index++)
             {
-                CreateMultiRangeBuffer(overlaps[index].Range);
+                CreateMultiRangeBuffer(overlaps[index].Range, BufferStage.None);
             }
         }
 
@@ -731,8 +741,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the copy</param>
         public void CopyBuffer(MemoryManager memoryManager, ulong srcVa, ulong dstVa, ulong size)
         {
-            MultiRange srcRange = TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffersPhysicalOnly(memoryManager, srcVa, size);
-            MultiRange dstRange = TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffersPhysicalOnly(memoryManager, dstVa, size);
+            MultiRange srcRange = TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffersPhysicalOnly(memoryManager, srcVa, size, BufferStage.Copy);
+            MultiRange dstRange = TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffersPhysicalOnly(memoryManager, dstVa, size, BufferStage.Copy);
 
             if (srcRange.Count == 1 && dstRange.Count == 1)
             {
@@ -788,8 +798,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the copy</param>
         private void CopyBufferSingleRange(MemoryManager memoryManager, ulong srcAddress, ulong dstAddress, ulong size)
         {
-            Buffer srcBuffer = GetBuffer(srcAddress, size);
-            Buffer dstBuffer = GetBuffer(dstAddress, size);
+            Buffer srcBuffer = GetBuffer(srcAddress, size, BufferStage.Copy);
+            Buffer dstBuffer = GetBuffer(dstAddress, size, BufferStage.Copy);
 
             int srcOffset = (int)(srcAddress - srcBuffer.Address);
             int dstOffset = (int)(dstAddress - dstBuffer.Address);
@@ -803,7 +813,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
             if (srcBuffer.IsModified(srcAddress, size))
             {
-                dstBuffer.SignalModified(dstAddress, size);
+                dstBuffer.SignalModified(dstAddress, size, BufferStage.Copy);
             }
             else
             {
@@ -828,12 +838,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="value">Value to be written into the buffer</param>
         public void ClearBuffer(MemoryManager memoryManager, ulong gpuVa, ulong size, uint value)
         {
-            MultiRange range = TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffersPhysicalOnly(memoryManager, gpuVa, size);
+            MultiRange range = TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffersPhysicalOnly(memoryManager, gpuVa, size, BufferStage.Copy);
 
             for (int index = 0; index < range.Count; index++)
             {
                 MemoryRange subRange = range.GetSubRange(index);
-                Buffer buffer = GetBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size);
+                Buffer buffer = GetBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, BufferStage.Copy);
 
                 int offset = (int)(subRange.Address - buffer.Address);
 
@@ -849,18 +859,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// Gets a buffer sub-range starting at a given memory address, aligned to the next page boundary.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="range">Physical regions of memory where the buffer is mapped</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">Buffer stage that triggered the access</param>
         /// <param name="write">Whether the buffer will be written to by this use</param>
         /// <returns>The buffer sub-range starting at the given memory address</returns>
-        public BufferRange GetBufferRangeAligned(MultiRange range, bool write = false)
+        public BufferRange GetBufferRangeAligned(MultiRange range, BufferStage stage, bool write = false)
         {
             if (range.Count > 1)
             {
-                return GetBuffer(range, write).GetRange(range);
+                return GetBuffer(range, stage, write).GetRange(range);
             }
             else
             {
                 MemoryRange subRange = range.GetSubRange(0);
-                return GetBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, write).GetRangeAligned(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, write);
+                return GetBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, stage, write).GetRangeAligned(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, write);
             }
         }
 
@@ -868,18 +879,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// Gets a buffer sub-range for a given memory range.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="range">Physical regions of memory where the buffer is mapped</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">Buffer stage that triggered the access</param>
         /// <param name="write">Whether the buffer will be written to by this use</param>
         /// <returns>The buffer sub-range for the given range</returns>
-        public BufferRange GetBufferRange(MultiRange range, bool write = false)
+        public BufferRange GetBufferRange(MultiRange range, BufferStage stage, bool write = false)
         {
             if (range.Count > 1)
             {
-                return GetBuffer(range, write).GetRange(range);
+                return GetBuffer(range, stage, write).GetRange(range);
             }
             else
             {
                 MemoryRange subRange = range.GetSubRange(0);
-                return GetBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, write).GetRange(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, write);
+                return GetBuffer(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, stage, write).GetRange(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, write);
             }
         }
 
@@ -888,9 +900,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// A buffer overlapping with the specified range is assumed to already exist on the cache.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="range">Physical regions of memory where the buffer is mapped</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">Buffer stage that triggered the access</param>
         /// <param name="write">Whether the buffer will be written to by this use</param>
         /// <returns>The buffer where the range is fully contained</returns>
-        private MultiRangeBuffer GetBuffer(MultiRange range, bool write = false)
+        private MultiRangeBuffer GetBuffer(MultiRange range, BufferStage stage, bool write = false)
         {
             for (int i = 0; i < range.Count; i++)
             {
@@ -902,7 +915,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                 if (write)
                 {
-                    subBuffer.SignalModified(subRange.Address, subRange.Size);
+                    subBuffer.SignalModified(subRange.Address, subRange.Size, stage);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -935,9 +948,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="address">Start address of the memory range</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the memory range</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">Buffer stage that triggered the access</param>
         /// <param name="write">Whether the buffer will be written to by this use</param>
         /// <returns>The buffer where the range is fully contained</returns>
-        private Buffer GetBuffer(ulong address, ulong size, bool write = false)
+        private Buffer GetBuffer(ulong address, ulong size, BufferStage stage, bool write = false)
         {
             Buffer buffer;
 
@@ -950,7 +964,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                 if (write)
                 {
-                    buffer.SignalModified(address, size);
+                    buffer.SignalModified(address, size, stage);
                 }
             }
             else
@@ -1004,6 +1018,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Signal that the given buffer's handle has changed,
+        /// forcing rebind and any overlapping multi-range buffers to be recreated.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="buffer">The buffer that has changed handle</param>
+        public void BufferBackingChanged(Buffer buffer)
+        {
+            NotifyBuffersModified?.Invoke();
+
+            RecreateMultiRangeBuffers(buffer.Address, buffer.Size);
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Prune any invalid entries from a quick access dictionary.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferManager.cs

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="type">Type of each index buffer element</param>
         public void SetIndexBuffer(ulong gpuVa, ulong size, IndexType type)
         {
-            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateBuffer(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size);
+            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateBuffer(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size, BufferStage.IndexBuffer);
 
             _indexBuffer.Range = range;
             _indexBuffer.Type = type;
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="divisor">Vertex divisor of the buffer, for instanced draws</param>
         public void SetVertexBuffer(int index, ulong gpuVa, ulong size, int stride, int divisor)
         {
-            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateBuffer(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size);
+            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateBuffer(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size, BufferStage.VertexBuffer);
 
             _vertexBuffers[index].Range = range;
             _vertexBuffers[index].Stride = stride;
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the transform feedback buffer</param>
         public void SetTransformFeedbackBuffer(int index, ulong gpuVa, ulong size)
         {
-            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size);
+            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size, BufferStage.TransformFeedback);
 
             _transformFeedbackBuffers[index] = new BufferBounds(range);
             _transformFeedbackBuffersDirty = true;
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
             gpuVa = BitUtils.AlignDown<ulong>(gpuVa, (ulong)_context.Capabilities.StorageBufferOffsetAlignment);
 
-            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size);
+            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size, BufferStageUtils.ComputeStorage(flags));
 
             _cpStorageBuffers.SetBounds(index, range, flags);
         }
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
             gpuVa = BitUtils.AlignDown<ulong>(gpuVa, (ulong)_context.Capabilities.StorageBufferOffsetAlignment);
 
-            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size);
+            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size, BufferStageUtils.GraphicsStorage(stage, flags));
 
             if (!buffers.Buffers[index].Range.Equals(range))
             {
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the storage buffer</param>
         public void SetComputeUniformBuffer(int index, ulong gpuVa, ulong size)
         {
-            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateBuffer(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size);
+            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateBuffer(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size, BufferStage.Compute);
 
             _cpUniformBuffers.SetBounds(index, range);
         }
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the storage buffer</param>
         public void SetGraphicsUniformBuffer(int stage, int index, ulong gpuVa, ulong size)
         {
-            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateBuffer(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size);
+            MultiRange range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.TranslateAndCreateBuffer(_channel.MemoryManager, gpuVa, size, BufferStageUtils.FromShaderStage(stage));
 
             _gpUniformBuffers[stage].SetBounds(index, range);
             _gpUniformBuffersDirty = true;
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 foreach (var binding in _bufferTextures)
                 {
                     var isStore = binding.BindingInfo.Flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore);
-                    var range = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range, isStore);
+                    var range = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range, BufferStageUtils.TextureBuffer(binding.Stage, binding.BindingInfo.Flags), isStore);
                     binding.Texture.SetStorage(range);
 
                     // The texture must be rebound to use the new storage if it was updated.
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                 foreach (var binding in _bufferTextureArrays)
                 {
-                    var range = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range);
+                    var range = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range, BufferStage.None);
                     binding.Texture.SetStorage(range);
 
                     textureArray[0] = binding.Texture;
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 foreach (var binding in _bufferImageArrays)
                 {
                     var isStore = binding.BindingInfo.Flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore);
-                    var range = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range, isStore);
+                    var range = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range, BufferStage.None, isStore);
                     binding.Texture.SetStorage(range);
 
                     textureArray[0] = binding.Texture;
@@ -565,7 +565,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                     if (!_indexBuffer.Range.IsUnmapped)
                     {
-                        BufferRange buffer = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(_indexBuffer.Range);
+                        BufferRange buffer = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(_indexBuffer.Range, BufferStage.IndexBuffer);
 
                         _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetIndexBuffer(buffer, _indexBuffer.Type);
                     }
@@ -597,7 +597,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                         continue;
                     }
 
-                    BufferRange buffer = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(vb.Range);
+                    BufferRange buffer = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(vb.Range, BufferStage.VertexBuffer);
 
                     vertexBuffers[index] = new VertexBufferDescriptor(buffer, vb.Stride, vb.Divisor);
                 }
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                             continue;
                         }
 
-                        tfbs[index] = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(tfb.Range, write: true);
+                        tfbs[index] = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(tfb.Range, BufferStage.TransformFeedback, write: true);
                     }
 
                     _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(tfbs);
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                             _context.SupportBufferUpdater.SetTfeOffset(index, tfeOffset);
 
-                            buffers[index] = new BufferAssignment(index, bufferCache.GetBufferRange(range, write: true));
+                            buffers[index] = new BufferAssignment(index, bufferCache.GetBufferRange(range, BufferStage.TransformFeedback, write: true));
                         }
                     }
 
@@ -751,6 +751,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             for (ShaderStage stage = ShaderStage.Vertex; stage <= ShaderStage.Fragment; stage++)
             {
                 ref var buffers = ref bindings[(int)stage - 1];
+                BufferStage bufferStage = BufferStageUtils.FromShaderStage(stage);
 
                 for (int index = 0; index < buffers.Count; index++)
                 {
@@ -762,8 +763,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                     {
                         var isWrite = bounds.Flags.HasFlag(BufferUsageFlags.Write);
                         var range = isStorage
-                            ? bufferCache.GetBufferRangeAligned(bounds.Range, isWrite)
-                            : bufferCache.GetBufferRange(bounds.Range);
+                            ? bufferCache.GetBufferRangeAligned(bounds.Range, bufferStage | BufferStageUtils.FromUsage(bounds.Flags), isWrite)
+                            : bufferCache.GetBufferRange(bounds.Range, bufferStage);
 
                         ranges[rangesCount++] = new BufferAssignment(bindingInfo.Binding, range);
                     }
@@ -799,8 +800,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 {
                     var isWrite = bounds.Flags.HasFlag(BufferUsageFlags.Write);
                     var range = isStorage
-                        ? bufferCache.GetBufferRangeAligned(bounds.Range, isWrite)
-                        : bufferCache.GetBufferRange(bounds.Range);
+                        ? bufferCache.GetBufferRangeAligned(bounds.Range, BufferStageUtils.ComputeStorage(bounds.Flags), isWrite)
+                        : bufferCache.GetBufferRange(bounds.Range, BufferStage.Compute);
 
                     ranges[rangesCount++] = new BufferAssignment(bindingInfo.Binding, range);
                 }
@@ -875,7 +876,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             Format format,
             bool isImage)
         {
-            _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.CreateBuffer(range);
+            _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.CreateBuffer(range, BufferStageUtils.TextureBuffer(stage, bindingInfo.Flags));
 
             _bufferTextures.Add(new BufferTextureBinding(stage, texture, range, bindingInfo, format, isImage));
         }
@@ -883,6 +884,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <summary>
         /// Sets the buffer storage of a buffer texture array element. This will be bound when the buffer manager commits bindings.
         /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage accessing the texture</param>
         /// <param name="array">Texture array where the element will be inserted</param>
         /// <param name="texture">Buffer texture</param>
         /// <param name="range">Physical ranges of memory where the buffer texture data is located</param>
@@ -890,6 +892,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="index">Index of the binding on the array</param>
         /// <param name="format">Format of the buffer texture</param>
         public void SetBufferTextureStorage(
+            ShaderStage stage,
             ITextureArray array,
             ITexture texture,
             MultiRange range,
@@ -897,7 +900,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             int index,
             Format format)
         {
-            _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.CreateBuffer(range);
+            _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.CreateBuffer(range, BufferStageUtils.TextureBuffer(stage, bindingInfo.Flags));
 
             _bufferTextureArrays.Add(new BufferTextureArrayBinding<ITextureArray>(array, texture, range, bindingInfo, index, format));
         }
@@ -905,6 +908,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <summary>
         /// Sets the buffer storage of a buffer image array element. This will be bound when the buffer manager commits bindings.
         /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage accessing the texture</param>
         /// <param name="array">Image array where the element will be inserted</param>
         /// <param name="texture">Buffer texture</param>
         /// <param name="range">Physical ranges of memory where the buffer texture data is located</param>
@@ -912,6 +916,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="index">Index of the binding on the array</param>
         /// <param name="format">Format of the buffer texture</param>
         public void SetBufferTextureStorage(
+            ShaderStage stage,
             IImageArray array,
             ITexture texture,
             MultiRange range,
@@ -919,7 +924,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             int index,
             Format format)
         {
-            _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.CreateBuffer(range);
+            _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.CreateBuffer(range, BufferStageUtils.TextureBuffer(stage, bindingInfo.Flags));
 
             _bufferImageArrays.Add(new BufferTextureArrayBinding<IImageArray>(array, texture, range, bindingInfo, index, format));
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferMigration.cs

@@ -1,37 +1,21 @@
 using System;
+using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 {
     /// <summary>
-    /// A record of when buffer data was copied from one buffer to another, along with the SyncNumber when the migration will be complete.
-    /// Keeps the source buffer alive for data flushes until the migration is complete.
+    /// A record of when buffer data was copied from multiple buffers to one migration target,
+    /// along with the SyncNumber when the migration will be complete.
+    /// Keeps the source buffers alive for data flushes until the migration is complete.
+    /// All spans cover the full range of the "destination" buffer.
     /// </summary>
     internal class BufferMigration : IDisposable
     {
         /// <summary>
-        /// The offset for the migrated region.
+        /// Ranges from source buffers that were copied as part of this migration.
+        /// Ordered by increasing base address.
         /// </summary>
-        private readonly ulong _offset;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// The size for the migrated region.
-        /// </summary>
-        private readonly ulong _size;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// The buffer that was migrated from.
-        /// </summary>
-        private readonly Buffer _buffer;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// The source range action, to be called on overlap with an unreached sync number.
-        /// </summary>
-        private readonly Action<ulong, ulong> _sourceRangeAction;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// The source range list.
-        /// </summary>
-        private readonly BufferModifiedRangeList _source;
+        public BufferMigrationSpan[] Spans { get; private set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// The destination range list. This range list must be updated when flushing the source.
@@ -43,55 +27,193 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// </summary>
         public readonly ulong SyncNumber;
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Number of active users there are traversing this migration's spans.
+        /// </summary>
+        private int _refCount;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a new buffer migration.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="spans">Source spans for the migration</param>
+        /// <param name="destination">Destination buffer range list</param>
+        /// <param name="syncNumber">Sync number where this migration will be complete</param>
+        public BufferMigration(BufferMigrationSpan[] spans, BufferModifiedRangeList destination, ulong syncNumber)
+        {
+            Spans = spans;
+            Destination = destination;
+            SyncNumber = syncNumber;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Add a span to the migration. Allocates a new array with the target size, and replaces it.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The base address for the span is assumed to be higher than all other spans in the migration,
+        /// to keep the span array ordered.
+        /// </remarks>
+        public void AddSpanToEnd(BufferMigrationSpan span)
+        {
+            BufferMigrationSpan[] oldSpans = Spans;
+
+            BufferMigrationSpan[] newSpans = new BufferMigrationSpan[oldSpans.Length + 1];
+
+            oldSpans.CopyTo(newSpans, 0);
+
+            newSpans[oldSpans.Length] = span;
+
+            Spans = newSpans;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Performs the given range action, or one from a migration that overlaps and has not synced yet.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="offset">The offset to pass to the action</param>
+        /// <param name="size">The size to pass to the action</param>
+        /// <param name="syncNumber">The sync number that has been reached</param>
+        /// <param name="rangeAction">The action to perform</param>
+        public void RangeActionWithMigration(ulong offset, ulong size, ulong syncNumber, BufferFlushAction rangeAction)
+        {
+            long syncDiff = (long)(syncNumber - SyncNumber);
+
+            if (syncDiff >= 0)
+            {
+                // The migration has completed. Run the parent action.
+                rangeAction(offset, size, syncNumber);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Interlocked.Increment(ref _refCount);
+
+                ulong prevAddress = offset;
+                ulong endAddress = offset + size;
+
+                foreach (BufferMigrationSpan span in Spans)
+                {
+                    if (!span.Overlaps(offset, size))
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    if (span.Address > prevAddress)
+                    {
+                        // There's a gap between this span and the last (or the start address). Flush the range using the parent action.
+
+                        rangeAction(prevAddress, span.Address - prevAddress, syncNumber);
+                    }
+
+                    span.RangeActionWithMigration(offset, size, syncNumber);
+
+                    prevAddress = span.Address + span.Size;
+                }
+
+                if (endAddress > prevAddress)
+                {
+                    // There's a gap at the end of the range with no migration. Flush the range using the parent action.
+                    rangeAction(prevAddress, endAddress - prevAddress, syncNumber);
+                }
+
+                Interlocked.Decrement(ref _refCount);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Dispose the buffer migration. This removes the reference from the destination range list,
+        /// and runs all the dispose buffers for the migration spans. (typically disposes the source buffer)
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            while (Volatile.Read(ref _refCount) > 0)
+            {
+                // Coming into this method, the sync for the migration will be met, so nothing can increment the ref count.
+                // However, an existing traversal of the spans for data flush could still be in progress.
+                // Spin if this is ever the case, so they don't get disposed before the operation is complete.
+            }
+
+            Destination.RemoveMigration(this);
+
+            foreach (BufferMigrationSpan span in Spans)
+            {
+                span.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A record of when buffer data was copied from one buffer to another, for a specific range in a source buffer.
+    /// Keeps the source buffer alive for data flushes until the migration is complete.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal readonly struct BufferMigrationSpan : IDisposable
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The offset for the migrated region.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly ulong Address;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The size for the migrated region.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly ulong Size;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The action to perform when the migration isn't needed anymore.
+        /// </summary>
+        private readonly Action _disposeAction;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The source range action, to be called on overlap with an unreached sync number.
+        /// </summary>
+        private readonly BufferFlushAction _sourceRangeAction;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Optional migration for the source data. Can chain together if many migrations happen in a short time.
+        /// If this is null, then _sourceRangeAction will always provide up to date data.
+        /// </summary>
+        private readonly BufferMigration _source;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates a record for a buffer migration.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="buffer">The source buffer for this migration</param>
+        /// <param name="disposeAction">The action to perform when the migration isn't needed anymore</param>
         /// <param name="sourceRangeAction">The flush action for the source buffer</param>
-        /// <param name="source">The modified range list for the source buffer</param>
-        /// <param name="dest">The modified range list for the destination buffer</param>
-        /// <param name="syncNumber">The sync number for when the migration is complete</param>
-        public BufferMigration(
+        /// <param name="source">Pending migration for the source buffer</param>
+        public BufferMigrationSpan(
             Buffer buffer,
-            Action<ulong, ulong> sourceRangeAction,
-            BufferModifiedRangeList source,
-            BufferModifiedRangeList dest,
-            ulong syncNumber)
+            Action disposeAction,
+            BufferFlushAction sourceRangeAction,
+            BufferMigration source)
         {
-            _offset = buffer.Address;
-            _size = buffer.Size;
-            _buffer = buffer;
+            Address = buffer.Address;
+            Size = buffer.Size;
+            _disposeAction = disposeAction;
             _sourceRangeAction = sourceRangeAction;
             _source = source;
-            Destination = dest;
-            SyncNumber = syncNumber;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a record for a buffer migration, using the default buffer dispose action.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="buffer">The source buffer for this migration</param>
+        /// <param name="sourceRangeAction">The flush action for the source buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="source">Pending migration for the source buffer</param>
+        public BufferMigrationSpan(
+            Buffer buffer,
+            BufferFlushAction sourceRangeAction,
+            BufferMigration source) : this(buffer, buffer.DecrementReferenceCount, sourceRangeAction, source) { }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Determine if the given range overlaps this migration, and has not been completed yet.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="offset">Start offset</param>
         /// <param name="size">Range size</param>
-        /// <param name="syncNumber">The sync number that was waited on</param>
         /// <returns>True if overlapping and in progress, false otherwise</returns>
-        public bool Overlaps(ulong offset, ulong size, ulong syncNumber)
+        public bool Overlaps(ulong offset, ulong size)
         {
             ulong end = offset + size;
-            ulong destEnd = _offset + _size;
-            long syncDiff = (long)(syncNumber - SyncNumber); // syncNumber is less if the copy has not completed.
+            ulong destEnd = Address + Size;
 
-            return !(end <= _offset || offset >= destEnd) && syncDiff < 0;
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Determine if the given range matches this migration.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="offset">Start offset</param>
-        /// <param name="size">Range size</param>
-        /// <returns>True if the range exactly matches, false otherwise</returns>
-        public bool FullyMatches(ulong offset, ulong size)
-        {
-            return _offset == offset && _size == size;
+            return !(end <= Address || offset >= destEnd);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -100,26 +222,30 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="offset">Start offset</param>
         /// <param name="size">Range size</param>
         /// <param name="syncNumber">Current sync number</param>
-        /// <param name="parent">The modified range list that originally owned this range</param>
-        public void RangeActionWithMigration(ulong offset, ulong size, ulong syncNumber, BufferModifiedRangeList parent)
+        public void RangeActionWithMigration(ulong offset, ulong size, ulong syncNumber)
         {
             ulong end = offset + size;
-            end = Math.Min(_offset + _size, end);
-            offset = Math.Max(_offset, offset);
+            end = Math.Min(Address + Size, end);
+            offset = Math.Max(Address, offset);
 
             size = end - offset;
 
-            _source.RangeActionWithMigration(offset, size, syncNumber, parent, _sourceRangeAction);
+            if (_source != null)
+            {
+                _source.RangeActionWithMigration(offset, size, syncNumber, _sourceRangeAction);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _sourceRangeAction(offset, size, syncNumber);
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Removes this reference to the range list, potentially allowing for the source buffer to be disposed.
+        /// Removes this migration span, potentially allowing for the source buffer to be disposed.
         /// </summary>
         public void Dispose()
         {
-            Destination.RemoveMigration(this);
-
-            _buffer.DecrementReferenceCount();
+            _disposeAction();
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferModifiedRangeList.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Pools;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using System;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
@@ -72,10 +71,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
         private readonly GpuContext _context;
         private readonly Buffer _parent;
-        private readonly Action<ulong, ulong> _flushAction;
+        private readonly BufferFlushAction _flushAction;
 
-        private List<BufferMigration> _sources;
-        private BufferMigration _migrationTarget;
+        private BufferMigration _source;
+        private BufferModifiedRangeList _migrationTarget;
 
         private readonly object _lock = new();
 
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="context">GPU context that the buffer range list belongs to</param>
         /// <param name="parent">The parent buffer that owns this range list</param>
         /// <param name="flushAction">The flush action for the parent buffer</param>
-        public BufferModifiedRangeList(GpuContext context, Buffer parent, Action<ulong, ulong> flushAction) : base(BackingInitialSize)
+        public BufferModifiedRangeList(GpuContext context, Buffer parent, BufferFlushAction flushAction) : base(BackingInitialSize)
         {
             _context = context;
             _parent = parent;
@@ -199,6 +198,36 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets modified ranges within the specified region, and then fires the given action for each range individually.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="address">Start address to query</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Size to query</param>
+        /// <param name="syncNumber">Sync number required for a range to be signalled</param>
+        /// <param name="rangeAction">The action to call for each modified range</param>
+        public void GetRangesAtSync(ulong address, ulong size, ulong syncNumber, Action<ulong, ulong> rangeAction)
+        {
+            int count = 0;
+
+            ref var overlaps = ref ThreadStaticArray<BufferModifiedRange>.Get();
+
+            // Range list must be consistent for this operation.
+            lock (_lock)
+            {
+                count = FindOverlapsNonOverlapping(address, size, ref overlaps);
+            }
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            {
+                BufferModifiedRange overlap = overlaps[i];
+
+                if (overlap.SyncNumber == syncNumber)
+                {
+                    rangeAction(overlap.Address, overlap.Size);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets modified ranges within the specified region, and then fires the given action for each range individually.
         /// </summary>
@@ -245,41 +274,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="offset">The offset to pass to the action</param>
         /// <param name="size">The size to pass to the action</param>
         /// <param name="syncNumber">The sync number that has been reached</param>
-        /// <param name="parent">The modified range list that originally owned this range</param>
         /// <param name="rangeAction">The action to perform</param>
-        public void RangeActionWithMigration(ulong offset, ulong size, ulong syncNumber, BufferModifiedRangeList parent, Action<ulong, ulong> rangeAction)
+        public void RangeActionWithMigration(ulong offset, ulong size, ulong syncNumber, BufferFlushAction rangeAction)
         {
-            bool firstSource = true;
-
-            if (parent != this)
+            if (_source != null)
             {
-                lock (_lock)
-                {
-                    if (_sources != null)
-                    {
-                        foreach (BufferMigration source in _sources)
-                        {
-                            if (source.Overlaps(offset, size, syncNumber))
-                            {
-                                if (firstSource && !source.FullyMatches(offset, size))
-                                {
-                                    // Perform this buffer's action first. The migrations will run after.
-                                    rangeAction(offset, size);
-                                }
-
-                                source.RangeActionWithMigration(offset, size, syncNumber, parent);
-
-                                firstSource = false;
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
+                _source.RangeActionWithMigration(offset, size, syncNumber, rangeAction);
             }
-
-            if (firstSource)
+            else
             {
-                // No overlapping migrations, or they are not meant for this range, flush the data using the given action.
-                rangeAction(offset, size);
+                rangeAction(offset, size, syncNumber);
             }
         }
 
@@ -319,7 +323,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                             ClearPart(overlap, clampAddress, clampEnd);
 
-                            RangeActionWithMigration(clampAddress, clampEnd - clampAddress, waitSync, overlap.Parent, _flushAction);
+                            RangeActionWithMigration(clampAddress, clampEnd - clampAddress, waitSync, _flushAction);
                         }
                     }
 
@@ -329,7 +333,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
             // There is a migration target to call instead. This can't be changed after set so accessing it outside the lock is fine.
 
-            _migrationTarget.Destination.RemoveRangesAndFlush(overlaps, rangeCount, highestDiff, currentSync, address, endAddress);
+            _migrationTarget.RemoveRangesAndFlush(overlaps, rangeCount, highestDiff, currentSync, address, endAddress);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -367,7 +371,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
             if (rangeCount == -1)
             {
-                _migrationTarget.Destination.WaitForAndFlushRanges(address, size);
+                _migrationTarget.WaitForAndFlushRanges(address, size);
 
                 return;
             }
@@ -407,6 +411,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <summary>
         /// Inherit ranges from another modified range list.
         /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Assumes that ranges will be inherited in address ascending order.
+        /// </remarks>
         /// <param name="ranges">The range list to inherit from</param>
         /// <param name="registerRangeAction">The action to call for each modified range</param>
         public void InheritRanges(BufferModifiedRangeList ranges, Action<ulong, ulong> registerRangeAction)
@@ -415,18 +422,31 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
             lock (ranges._lock)
             {
-                BufferMigration migration = new(ranges._parent, ranges._flushAction, ranges, this, _context.SyncNumber);
-
-                ranges._parent.IncrementReferenceCount();
-                ranges._migrationTarget = migration;
-
-                _context.RegisterBufferMigration(migration);
-
                 inheritRanges = ranges.ToArray();
 
                 lock (_lock)
                 {
-                    (_sources ??= new List<BufferMigration>()).Add(migration);
+                    // Copy over the migration from the previous range list
+
+                    BufferMigration oldMigration = ranges._source;
+
+                    BufferMigrationSpan span = new BufferMigrationSpan(ranges._parent, ranges._flushAction, oldMigration);
+                    ranges._parent.IncrementReferenceCount();
+
+                    if (_source == null)
+                    {
+                        // Create a new migration. 
+                        _source = new BufferMigration(new BufferMigrationSpan[] { span }, this, _context.SyncNumber);
+
+                        _context.RegisterBufferMigration(_source);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // Extend the migration
+                        _source.AddSpanToEnd(span);
+                    }
+
+                    ranges._migrationTarget = this;
 
                     foreach (BufferModifiedRange range in inheritRanges)
                     {
@@ -445,6 +465,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Register a migration from previous buffer storage. This migration is from a snapshot of the buffer's
+        /// current handle to its handle in the future, and is assumed to be complete when the sync action completes.
+        /// When the migration completes, the handle is disposed.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void SelfMigration()
+        {
+            lock (_lock)
+            {
+                BufferMigrationSpan span = new(_parent, _parent.GetSnapshotDisposeAction(), _parent.GetSnapshotFlushAction(), _source);
+                BufferMigration migration = new(new BufferMigrationSpan[] { span }, this, _context.SyncNumber);
+
+                // Migration target is used to redirect flush actions to the latest range list,
+                // so we don't need to set it here. (this range list is still the latest)
+
+                _context.RegisterBufferMigration(migration);
+
+                _source = migration;
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Removes a source buffer migration, indicating its copy has completed.
         /// </summary>
@@ -453,7 +494,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         {
             lock (_lock)
             {
-                _sources.Remove(migration);
+                if (_source == migration)
+                {
+                    _source = null;
+                }
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferPreFlush.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using System;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Manages flushing ranges from buffers in advance for easy access, if they are flushed often.
+    /// Typically, from device local memory to a host mapped target for cached access.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class BufferPreFlush : IDisposable
+    {
+        private const ulong PageSize = MemoryManager.PageSize;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Threshold for the number of copies without a flush required to disable preflush on a page.
+        /// </summary>
+        private const int DeactivateCopyThreshold = 200;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Value that indicates whether a page has been flushed or copied before.
+        /// </summary>
+        private enum PreFlushState
+        {
+            None,
+            HasFlushed,
+            HasCopied
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flush state for each page of the buffer.
+        /// Controls whether data should be copied to the flush buffer, what sync is expected
+        /// and unflushed copy counting for stopping copies that are no longer needed.
+        /// </summary>
+        private struct PreFlushPage
+        {
+            public PreFlushState State;
+            public ulong FirstActivatedSync;
+            public ulong LastCopiedSync;
+            public int CopyCount;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// True if there are ranges that should copy to the flush buffer, false otherwise.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool ShouldCopy { get; private set; }
+
+        private readonly GpuContext _context;
+        private readonly Buffer _buffer;
+        private readonly PreFlushPage[] _pages;
+        private readonly ulong _address;
+        private readonly ulong _size;
+        private readonly ulong _misalignment;
+        private readonly Action<BufferHandle, ulong, ulong> _flushAction;
+
+        private BufferHandle _flushBuffer;
+
+        public BufferPreFlush(GpuContext context, Buffer parent, Action<BufferHandle, ulong, ulong> flushAction)
+        {
+            _context = context;
+            _buffer = parent;
+            _address = parent.Address;
+            _size = parent.Size;
+            _pages = new PreFlushPage[BitUtils.DivRoundUp(_size, PageSize)];
+            _misalignment = _address & (PageSize - 1);
+
+            _flushAction = flushAction;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Ensure that the flush buffer exists.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void EnsureFlushBuffer()
+        {
+            if (_flushBuffer == BufferHandle.Null)
+            {
+                _flushBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer((int)_size, BufferAccess.HostMemory);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a page range from an address and size byte range.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="address">Range address</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Range size</param>
+        /// <returns>A page index and count</returns>
+        private (int index, int count) GetPageRange(ulong address, ulong size)
+        {
+            ulong offset = address - _address;
+            ulong endOffset = offset + size;
+
+            int basePage = (int)(offset / PageSize);
+            int endPage = (int)((endOffset - 1) / PageSize);
+
+            return (basePage, 1 + endPage - basePage);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets an offset and size range in the parent buffer from a page index and count.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="startPage">Range start page</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Range page count</param>
+        /// <returns>Offset and size range</returns>
+        private (int offset, int size) GetOffset(int startPage, int count)
+        {
+            int offset = (int)((ulong)startPage * PageSize - _misalignment);
+            int endOffset = (int)((ulong)(startPage + count) * PageSize - _misalignment);
+
+            offset = Math.Max(0, offset);
+            endOffset = Math.Min((int)_size, endOffset);
+
+            return (offset, endOffset - offset);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Copy a range of pages from the parent buffer into the flush buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="startPage">Range start page</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Range page count</param>
+        private void CopyPageRange(int startPage, int count)
+        {
+            (int offset, int size) = GetOffset(startPage, count);
+
+            EnsureFlushBuffer();
+
+            _context.Renderer.Pipeline.CopyBuffer(_buffer.Handle, _flushBuffer, offset, offset, size);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Copy a modified range into the flush buffer if it's marked as flushed.
+        /// Any pages the range overlaps are copied, and copies aren't repeated in the same sync number.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="address">Range address</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Range size</param>
+        public void CopyModified(ulong address, ulong size)
+        {
+            (int baseIndex, int count) = GetPageRange(address, size);
+            ulong syncNumber = _context.SyncNumber;
+
+            int startPage = -1;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            {
+                int pageIndex = baseIndex + i;
+                ref PreFlushPage page = ref _pages[pageIndex];
+
+                if (page.State > PreFlushState.None)
+                {
+                    // Perform the copy, and update the state of each page.
+                    if (startPage == -1)
+                    {
+                        startPage = pageIndex;
+                    }
+
+                    if (page.State != PreFlushState.HasCopied)
+                    {
+                        page.FirstActivatedSync = syncNumber;
+                        page.State = PreFlushState.HasCopied;
+                    }
+                    else if (page.CopyCount++ >= DeactivateCopyThreshold)
+                    {
+                        page.CopyCount = 0;
+                        page.State = PreFlushState.None;
+                    }
+
+                    if (page.LastCopiedSync != syncNumber)
+                    {
+                        page.LastCopiedSync = syncNumber;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (startPage != -1)
+                {
+                    CopyPageRange(startPage, pageIndex - startPage);
+
+                    startPage = -1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (startPage != -1)
+            {
+                CopyPageRange(startPage, (baseIndex + count) - startPage);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flush the given page range back into guest memory, optionally using data from the flush buffer.
+        /// The actual flushed range is an intersection of the page range and the address range.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="address">Address range start</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Address range size</param>
+        /// <param name="startPage">Page range start</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Page range count</param>
+        /// <param name="preFlush">True if the data should come from the flush buffer</param>
+        private void FlushPageRange(ulong address, ulong size, int startPage, int count, bool preFlush)
+        {
+            (int pageOffset, int pageSize) = GetOffset(startPage, count);
+
+            int offset = (int)(address - _address);
+            int end = offset + (int)size;
+
+            offset = Math.Max(offset, pageOffset);
+            end = Math.Min(end, pageOffset + pageSize);
+
+            if (end >= offset)
+            {
+                BufferHandle handle = preFlush ? _flushBuffer : _buffer.Handle;
+                _flushAction(handle, _address + (ulong)offset, (ulong)(end - offset));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Flush the given address range back into guest memory, optionally using data from the flush buffer.
+        /// When a copy has been performed on or before the waited sync number, the data can come from the flush buffer.
+        /// Otherwise, it flushes the parent buffer directly.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="address">Range address</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Range size</param>
+        /// <param name="syncNumber">Sync number that has been waited for</param>
+        public void FlushWithAction(ulong address, ulong size, ulong syncNumber)
+        {
+            // Copy the parts of the range that have pre-flush copies that have been completed.
+            // Run the flush action for ranges that don't have pre-flush copies.
+
+            // If a range doesn't have a pre-flush copy, consider adding one.
+
+            (int baseIndex, int count) = GetPageRange(address, size);
+
+            bool rangePreFlushed = false;
+            int startPage = -1;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            {
+                int pageIndex = baseIndex + i;
+                ref PreFlushPage page = ref _pages[pageIndex];
+
+                bool flushPage = false;
+                page.CopyCount = 0;
+
+                if (page.State == PreFlushState.HasCopied)
+                {
+                    if (syncNumber >= page.FirstActivatedSync)
+                    {
+                        // After the range is first activated, its data will always be copied to the preflush buffer on each sync.
+                        flushPage = true;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (page.State == PreFlushState.None)
+                {
+                    page.State = PreFlushState.HasFlushed;
+                    ShouldCopy = true;
+                }
+
+                if (flushPage)
+                {
+                    if (!rangePreFlushed || startPage == -1)
+                    {
+                        if (startPage != -1)
+                        {
+                            FlushPageRange(address, size, startPage, pageIndex - startPage, false);
+                        }
+
+                        rangePreFlushed = true;
+                        startPage = pageIndex;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (rangePreFlushed || startPage == -1)
+                {
+                    if (startPage != -1)
+                    {
+                        FlushPageRange(address, size, startPage, pageIndex - startPage, true);
+                    }
+
+                    rangePreFlushed = false;
+                    startPage = pageIndex;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (startPage != -1)
+            {
+                FlushPageRange(address, size, startPage, (baseIndex + count) - startPage, rangePreFlushed);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Dispose the flush buffer, if present.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            if (_flushBuffer != BufferHandle.Null)
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.DeleteBuffer(_flushBuffer);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferStage.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Pipeline stages that can modify buffer data, as well as flags indicating storage usage.
+    /// Must match ShaderStage for the shader stages, though anything after that can be in any order.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal enum BufferStage : byte
+    {
+        Compute,
+        Vertex,
+        TessellationControl,
+        TessellationEvaluation,
+        Geometry,
+        Fragment,
+
+        Indirect,
+        VertexBuffer,
+        IndexBuffer,
+        Copy,
+        TransformFeedback,
+        Internal,
+        None,
+
+        StageMask = 0x3f,
+        StorageMask = 0xc0,
+
+        StorageRead = 0x40,
+        StorageWrite = 0x80,
+
+#pragma warning disable CA1069 // Enums values should not be duplicated
+        StorageAtomic = 0xc0
+#pragma warning restore CA1069 // Enums values should not be duplicated
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Utility methods to convert shader stages and binding flags into buffer stages.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static class BufferStageUtils
+    {
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static BufferStage FromShaderStage(ShaderStage stage)
+        {
+            return (BufferStage)stage;
+        }
+
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static BufferStage FromShaderStage(int stageIndex)
+        {
+            return (BufferStage)(stageIndex + 1);
+        }
+
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static BufferStage FromUsage(BufferUsageFlags flags)
+        {
+            if (flags.HasFlag(BufferUsageFlags.Write))
+            {
+                return BufferStage.StorageWrite;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return BufferStage.StorageRead;
+            }
+        }
+
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static BufferStage FromUsage(TextureUsageFlags flags)
+        {
+            if (flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore))
+            {
+                return BufferStage.StorageWrite;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return BufferStage.StorageRead;
+            }
+        }
+
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static BufferStage TextureBuffer(ShaderStage shaderStage, TextureUsageFlags flags)
+        {
+            return FromShaderStage(shaderStage) | FromUsage(flags);
+        }
+
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static BufferStage GraphicsStorage(int stageIndex, BufferUsageFlags flags)
+        {
+            return FromShaderStage(stageIndex) | FromUsage(flags);
+        }
+
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static BufferStage ComputeStorage(BufferUsageFlags flags)
+        {
+            return BufferStage.Compute | FromUsage(flags);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/CachedShaderBindings.cs

@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
                     var result = new TextureBindingInfo(
                         target,
+                        descriptor.Set,
                         descriptor.Binding,
                         descriptor.ArrayLength,
                         descriptor.CbufSlot,
@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                     var result = new TextureBindingInfo(
                         target,
                         format,
+                        descriptor.Set,
                         descriptor.Binding,
                         descriptor.ArrayLength,
                         descriptor.CbufSlot,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/BinarySerializer.cs

@@ -125,9 +125,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             CompressionAlgorithm algorithm = CompressionAlgorithm.None;
             Read(ref algorithm);
 
-            if (algorithm == CompressionAlgorithm.Deflate)
+            switch (algorithm)
             {
-                _activeStream = new DeflateStream(_stream, CompressionMode.Decompress, true);
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.None:
+                    break;
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.Deflate:
+                    _activeStream = new DeflateStream(_stream, CompressionMode.Decompress, true);
+                    break;
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.Brotli:
+                    _activeStream = new BrotliStream(_stream, CompressionMode.Decompress, true);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid compression algorithm \"{algorithm}\"");
             }
         }
 
@@ -139,9 +148,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         {
             Write(ref algorithm);
 
-            if (algorithm == CompressionAlgorithm.Deflate)
+            switch (algorithm)
             {
-                _activeStream = new DeflateStream(_stream, CompressionLevel.SmallestSize, true);
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.None:
+                    break;
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.Deflate:
+                    _activeStream = new DeflateStream(_stream, CompressionLevel.Fastest, true);
+                    break;
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.Brotli:
+                    _activeStream = new BrotliStream(_stream, CompressionLevel.Fastest, true);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid compression algorithm \"{algorithm}\"");
             }
         }
 
@@ -187,6 +205,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
                     }
                     stream.Dispose();
                     break;
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.Brotli:
+                    stream = new BrotliStream(stream, CompressionMode.Decompress, true);
+                    for (int offset = 0; offset < data.Length;)
+                    {
+                        offset += stream.Read(data[offset..]);
+                    }
+                    stream.Dispose();
+                    break;
             }
         }
 
@@ -206,7 +232,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
                     stream.Write(data);
                     break;
                 case CompressionAlgorithm.Deflate:
-                    stream = new DeflateStream(stream, CompressionLevel.SmallestSize, true);
+                    stream = new DeflateStream(stream, CompressionLevel.Fastest, true);
+                    stream.Write(data);
+                    stream.Dispose();
+                    break;
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.Brotli:
+                    stream = new BrotliStream(stream, CompressionLevel.Fastest, true);
                     stream.Write(data);
                     stream.Dispose();
                     break;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/CompressionAlgorithm.cs

@@ -14,5 +14,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         /// Deflate compression (RFC 1951).
         /// </summary>
         Deflate,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Brotli compression (RFC 7932).
+        /// </summary>
+        Brotli,
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheCommon.cs

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         /// <returns>Compression algorithm</returns>
         public static CompressionAlgorithm GetCompressionAlgorithm()
         {
-            return CompressionAlgorithm.Deflate;
+            return CompressionAlgorithm.Brotli;
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheGpuAccessor.cs

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         private readonly ShaderSpecializationState _newSpecState;
         private readonly int _stageIndex;
         private readonly bool _isVulkan;
+        private readonly bool _hasGeometryShader;
+        private readonly bool _supportsQuads;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates a new instance of the cached GPU state accessor for shader translation.
@@ -29,6 +31,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         /// <param name="newSpecState">Shader specialization state of the recompiled shader</param>
         /// <param name="counts">Resource counts shared across all shader stages</param>
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage index</param>
+        /// <param name="hasGeometryShader">Indicates if a geometry shader is present</param>
         public DiskCacheGpuAccessor(
             GpuContext context,
             ReadOnlyMemory<byte> data,
@@ -36,7 +39,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             ShaderSpecializationState oldSpecState,
             ShaderSpecializationState newSpecState,
             ResourceCounts counts,
-            int stageIndex) : base(context, counts, stageIndex)
+            int stageIndex,
+            bool hasGeometryShader) : base(context, counts, stageIndex)
         {
             _data = data;
             _cb1Data = cb1Data;
@@ -44,6 +48,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             _newSpecState = newSpecState;
             _stageIndex = stageIndex;
             _isVulkan = context.Capabilities.Api == TargetApi.Vulkan;
+            _hasGeometryShader = hasGeometryShader;
+            _supportsQuads = context.Capabilities.SupportsQuads;
 
             if (stageIndex == (int)ShaderStage.Geometry - 1)
             {
@@ -100,7 +106,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public GpuGraphicsState QueryGraphicsState()
         {
-            return _oldSpecState.GraphicsState.CreateShaderGraphicsState(!_isVulkan, _isVulkan || _oldSpecState.GraphicsState.YNegateEnabled);
+            return _oldSpecState.GraphicsState.CreateShaderGraphicsState(
+                !_isVulkan,
+                _supportsQuads,
+                _hasGeometryShader,
+                _isVulkan || _oldSpecState.GraphicsState.YNegateEnabled);
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheHostStorage.cs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         private const ushort FileFormatVersionMajor = 1;
         private const ushort FileFormatVersionMinor = 2;
         private const uint FileFormatVersionPacked = ((uint)FileFormatVersionMajor << 16) | FileFormatVersionMinor;
-        private const uint CodeGenVersion = 6577;
+        private const uint CodeGenVersion = 6852;
 
         private const string SharedTocFileName = "shared.toc";
         private const string SharedDataFileName = "shared.data";

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/ParallelDiskCacheLoader.cs

@@ -601,6 +601,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
 
             TargetApi api = _context.Capabilities.Api;
 
+            bool hasCachedGs = guestShaders[4].HasValue;
+
             for (int stageIndex = Constants.ShaderStages - 1; stageIndex >= 0; stageIndex--)
             {
                 if (guestShaders[stageIndex + 1].HasValue)
@@ -610,7 +612,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
                     byte[] guestCode = shader.Code;
                     byte[] cb1Data = shader.Cb1Data;
 
-                    DiskCacheGpuAccessor gpuAccessor = new(_context, guestCode, cb1Data, specState, newSpecState, counts, stageIndex);
+                    DiskCacheGpuAccessor gpuAccessor = new(_context, guestCode, cb1Data, specState, newSpecState, counts, stageIndex, hasCachedGs);
                     TranslatorContext currentStage = DecodeGraphicsShader(gpuAccessor, api, DefaultFlags, 0);
 
                     if (nextStage != null)
@@ -623,7 +625,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
                         byte[] guestCodeA = guestShaders[0].Value.Code;
                         byte[] cb1DataA = guestShaders[0].Value.Cb1Data;
 
-                        DiskCacheGpuAccessor gpuAccessorA = new(_context, guestCodeA, cb1DataA, specState, newSpecState, counts, 0);
+                        DiskCacheGpuAccessor gpuAccessorA = new(_context, guestCodeA, cb1DataA, specState, newSpecState, counts, 0, hasCachedGs);
                         translatorContexts[0] = DecodeGraphicsShader(gpuAccessorA, api, DefaultFlags | TranslationFlags.VertexA, 0);
                     }
 
@@ -711,7 +713,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             GuestCodeAndCbData shader = guestShaders[0].Value;
             ResourceCounts counts = new();
             ShaderSpecializationState newSpecState = new(ref specState.ComputeState);
-            DiskCacheGpuAccessor gpuAccessor = new(_context, shader.Code, shader.Cb1Data, specState, newSpecState, counts, 0);
+            DiskCacheGpuAccessor gpuAccessor = new(_context, shader.Code, shader.Cb1Data, specState, newSpecState, counts, 0, false);
             gpuAccessor.InitializeReservedCounts(tfEnabled: false, vertexAsCompute: false);
 
             TranslatorContext translatorContext = DecodeComputeShader(gpuAccessor, _context.Capabilities.Api, 0);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuAccessor.cs

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         private readonly int _stageIndex;
         private readonly bool _compute;
         private readonly bool _isVulkan;
+        private readonly bool _hasGeometryShader;
+        private readonly bool _supportsQuads;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates a new instance of the GPU state accessor for graphics shader translation.
@@ -25,12 +27,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="channel">GPU channel</param>
         /// <param name="state">Current GPU state</param>
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Graphics shader stage index (0 = Vertex, 4 = Fragment)</param>
-        public GpuAccessor(GpuContext context, GpuChannel channel, GpuAccessorState state, int stageIndex) : base(context, state.ResourceCounts, stageIndex)
+        /// <param name="hasGeometryShader">Indicates if a geometry shader is present</param>
+        public GpuAccessor(
+            GpuContext context,
+            GpuChannel channel,
+            GpuAccessorState state,
+            int stageIndex,
+            bool hasGeometryShader) : base(context, state.ResourceCounts, stageIndex)
         {
-            _isVulkan = context.Capabilities.Api == TargetApi.Vulkan;
             _channel = channel;
             _state = state;
             _stageIndex = stageIndex;
+            _isVulkan = context.Capabilities.Api == TargetApi.Vulkan;
+            _hasGeometryShader = hasGeometryShader;
+            _supportsQuads = context.Capabilities.SupportsQuads;
 
             if (stageIndex == (int)ShaderStage.Geometry - 1)
             {
@@ -105,7 +115,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public GpuGraphicsState QueryGraphicsState()
         {
-            return _state.GraphicsState.CreateShaderGraphicsState(!_isVulkan, _isVulkan || _state.GraphicsState.YNegateEnabled);
+            return _state.GraphicsState.CreateShaderGraphicsState(
+                !_isVulkan,
+                _supportsQuads,
+                _hasGeometryShader,
+                _isVulkan || _state.GraphicsState.YNegateEnabled);
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuAccessorBase.cs

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             _reservedImages = rrc.ReservedImages;
         }
 
-        public int CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index)
+        public SetBindingPair CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index)
         {
             int binding;
 
@@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 binding = _resourceCounts.UniformBuffersCount++;
             }
 
-            return binding + _reservedConstantBuffers;
+            return new SetBindingPair(_context.Capabilities.UniformBufferSetIndex, binding + _reservedConstantBuffers);
         }
 
-        public int CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
+        public SetBindingPair CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
         {
             int binding;
 
@@ -96,10 +96,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 _resourceCounts.ImagesCount += count;
             }
 
-            return binding + _reservedImages;
+            return new SetBindingPair(_context.Capabilities.ImageSetIndex, binding + _reservedImages);
         }
 
-        public int CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index)
+        public SetBindingPair CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index)
         {
             int binding;
 
@@ -112,10 +112,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 binding = _resourceCounts.StorageBuffersCount++;
             }
 
-            return binding + _reservedStorageBuffers;
+            return new SetBindingPair(_context.Capabilities.StorageBufferSetIndex, binding + _reservedStorageBuffers);
         }
 
-        public int CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
+        public SetBindingPair CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
         {
             int binding;
 
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 _resourceCounts.TexturesCount += count;
             }
 
-            return binding + _reservedTextures;
+            return new SetBindingPair(_context.Capabilities.TextureSetIndex, binding + _reservedTextures);
         }
 
         private int GetBindingFromIndex(int index, uint maxPerStage, string resourceName)
@@ -183,6 +183,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return maxPerStage * Constants.ShaderStages;
         }
 
+        public int CreateExtraSet()
+        {
+            if (_resourceCounts.SetsCount >= _context.Capabilities.MaximumExtraSets)
+            {
+                return -1;
+            }
+
+            return _context.Capabilities.ExtraSetBaseIndex + _resourceCounts.SetsCount++;
+        }
+
         public int QueryHostGatherBiasPrecision() => _context.Capabilities.GatherBiasPrecision;
 
         public bool QueryHostReducedPrecision() => _context.Capabilities.ReduceShaderPrecision;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuChannelGraphicsState.cs

@@ -106,8 +106,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// Creates a new graphics state from this state that can be used for shader generation.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="hostSupportsAlphaTest">Indicates if the host API supports alpha test operations</param>
+        /// <param name="hostSupportsQuads">Indicates if the host API supports quad primitives</param>
+        /// <param name="hasGeometryShader">Indicates if a geometry shader is used</param>
+        /// <param name="originUpperLeft">If true, indicates that the fragment origin is the upper left corner of the viewport, otherwise it is the lower left corner</param>
         /// <returns>GPU graphics state that can be used for shader translation</returns>
-        public readonly GpuGraphicsState CreateShaderGraphicsState(bool hostSupportsAlphaTest, bool originUpperLeft)
+        public readonly GpuGraphicsState CreateShaderGraphicsState(bool hostSupportsAlphaTest, bool hostSupportsQuads, bool hasGeometryShader, bool originUpperLeft)
         {
             AlphaTestOp alphaTestOp;
 
@@ -130,6 +133,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 };
             }
 
+            bool isQuad = Topology == PrimitiveTopology.Quads || Topology == PrimitiveTopology.QuadStrip;
+            bool halvePrimitiveId = !hostSupportsQuads && !hasGeometryShader && isQuad;
+
             return new GpuGraphicsState(
                 EarlyZForce,
                 ConvertToInputTopology(Topology, TessellationMode),
@@ -149,7 +155,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 in FragmentOutputTypes,
                 DualSourceBlendEnable,
                 YNegateEnabled,
-                originUpperLeft);
+                originUpperLeft,
+                halvePrimitiveId);
         }
 
         /// <summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ResourceCounts.cs

@@ -24,5 +24,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// Total of images used by the shaders.
         /// </summary>
         public int ImagesCount;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Total of extra sets used by the shaders.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int SetsCount;
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderCache.cs

@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
                 if (gpuVa != 0)
                 {
-                    GpuAccessor gpuAccessor = new(_context, channel, gpuAccessorState, stageIndex);
+                    GpuAccessor gpuAccessor = new(_context, channel, gpuAccessorState, stageIndex, addresses.Geometry != 0);
                     TranslatorContext currentStage = DecodeGraphicsShader(gpuAccessor, api, DefaultFlags, gpuVa);
 
                     if (nextStage != null)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderInfoBuilder.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
@@ -9,13 +10,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
     /// </summary>
     class ShaderInfoBuilder
     {
-        private const int TotalSets = 4;
-
-        private const int UniformSetIndex = 0;
-        private const int StorageSetIndex = 1;
-        private const int TextureSetIndex = 2;
-        private const int ImageSetIndex = 3;
-
         private const ResourceStages SupportBufferStages =
             ResourceStages.Compute |
             ResourceStages.Vertex |
@@ -36,8 +30,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         private readonly int _reservedTextures;
         private readonly int _reservedImages;
 
-        private readonly List<ResourceDescriptor>[] _resourceDescriptors;
-        private readonly List<ResourceUsage>[] _resourceUsages;
+        private List<ResourceDescriptor>[] _resourceDescriptors;
+        private List<ResourceUsage>[] _resourceUsages;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates a new shader info builder.
@@ -51,17 +45,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
             _fragmentOutputMap = -1;
 
-            _resourceDescriptors = new List<ResourceDescriptor>[TotalSets];
-            _resourceUsages = new List<ResourceUsage>[TotalSets];
+            int uniformSetIndex = context.Capabilities.UniformBufferSetIndex;
+            int storageSetIndex = context.Capabilities.StorageBufferSetIndex;
+            int textureSetIndex = context.Capabilities.TextureSetIndex;
+            int imageSetIndex = context.Capabilities.ImageSetIndex;
 
-            for (int index = 0; index < TotalSets; index++)
+            int totalSets = Math.Max(uniformSetIndex, storageSetIndex);
+            totalSets = Math.Max(totalSets, textureSetIndex);
+            totalSets = Math.Max(totalSets, imageSetIndex);
+            totalSets++;
+
+            _resourceDescriptors = new List<ResourceDescriptor>[totalSets];
+            _resourceUsages = new List<ResourceUsage>[totalSets];
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < totalSets; index++)
             {
                 _resourceDescriptors[index] = new();
                 _resourceUsages[index] = new();
             }
 
-            AddDescriptor(SupportBufferStages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, UniformSetIndex, 0, 1);
-            AddUsage(SupportBufferStages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, UniformSetIndex, 0, 1);
+            AddDescriptor(SupportBufferStages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, uniformSetIndex, 0, 1);
+            AddUsage(SupportBufferStages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, uniformSetIndex, 0, 1);
 
             ResourceReservationCounts rrc = new(!context.Capabilities.SupportsTransformFeedback && tfEnabled, vertexAsCompute);
 
@@ -73,12 +77,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             // TODO: Handle that better? Maybe we should only set the binding that are really needed on each shader.
             ResourceStages stages = vertexAsCompute ? ResourceStages.Compute | ResourceStages.Vertex : VtgStages;
 
-            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, UniformSetIndex, 1, rrc.ReservedConstantBuffers - 1);
-            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.StorageBuffer, StorageSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedStorageBuffers);
-            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.BufferTexture, TextureSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedTextures);
-            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.BufferImage, ImageSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedImages);
+            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, uniformSetIndex, 1, rrc.ReservedConstantBuffers - 1);
+            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.StorageBuffer, storageSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedStorageBuffers);
+            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.BufferTexture, textureSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedTextures);
+            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.BufferImage, imageSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedImages);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Populates descriptors and usages for vertex as compute and transform feedback emulation reserved resources.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stages">Shader stages where the resources are used</param>
+        /// <param name="type">Resource type</param>
+        /// <param name="setIndex">Resource set index where the resources are used</param>
+        /// <param name="start">First binding number</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Amount of bindings</param>
         private void PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(ResourceStages stages, ResourceType type, int setIndex, int start, int count)
         {
             AddDescriptor(stages, type, setIndex, start, count);
@@ -127,18 +139,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             int textureBinding = _reservedTextures + stageIndex * texturesPerStage * 2;
             int imageBinding = _reservedImages + stageIndex * imagesPerStage * 2;
 
-            AddDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, UniformSetIndex, uniformBinding, uniformsPerStage);
-            AddDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.StorageBuffer, StorageSetIndex, storageBinding, storagesPerStage);
-            AddDualDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.TextureAndSampler, ResourceType.BufferTexture, TextureSetIndex, textureBinding, texturesPerStage);
-            AddDualDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.Image, ResourceType.BufferImage, ImageSetIndex, imageBinding, imagesPerStage);
+            int uniformSetIndex = _context.Capabilities.UniformBufferSetIndex;
+            int storageSetIndex = _context.Capabilities.StorageBufferSetIndex;
+            int textureSetIndex = _context.Capabilities.TextureSetIndex;
+            int imageSetIndex = _context.Capabilities.ImageSetIndex;
 
-            AddArrayDescriptors(info.Textures, stages, TextureSetIndex, isImage: false);
-            AddArrayDescriptors(info.Images, stages, TextureSetIndex, isImage: true);
+            AddDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, uniformSetIndex, uniformBinding, uniformsPerStage);
+            AddDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.StorageBuffer, storageSetIndex, storageBinding, storagesPerStage);
+            AddDualDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.TextureAndSampler, ResourceType.BufferTexture, textureSetIndex, textureBinding, texturesPerStage);
+            AddDualDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.Image, ResourceType.BufferImage, imageSetIndex, imageBinding, imagesPerStage);
 
-            AddUsage(info.CBuffers, stages, UniformSetIndex, isStorage: false);
-            AddUsage(info.SBuffers, stages, StorageSetIndex, isStorage: true);
-            AddUsage(info.Textures, stages, TextureSetIndex, isImage: false);
-            AddUsage(info.Images, stages, ImageSetIndex, isImage: true);
+            AddArrayDescriptors(info.Textures, stages, isImage: false);
+            AddArrayDescriptors(info.Images, stages, isImage: true);
+
+            AddUsage(info.CBuffers, stages, isStorage: false);
+            AddUsage(info.SBuffers, stages, isStorage: true);
+            AddUsage(info.Textures, stages, isImage: false);
+            AddUsage(info.Images, stages, isImage: true);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -177,9 +194,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="textures">Textures to be added</param>
         /// <param name="stages">Stages where the textures are used</param>
-        /// <param name="setIndex">Descriptor set index where the textures will be bound</param>
         /// <param name="isImage">True for images, false for textures</param>
-        private void AddArrayDescriptors(IEnumerable<TextureDescriptor> textures, ResourceStages stages, int setIndex, bool isImage)
+        private void AddArrayDescriptors(IEnumerable<TextureDescriptor> textures, ResourceStages stages, bool isImage)
         {
             foreach (TextureDescriptor texture in textures)
             {
@@ -187,7 +203,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 {
                     ResourceType type = GetTextureResourceType(texture, isImage);
 
-                    _resourceDescriptors[setIndex].Add(new ResourceDescriptor(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
+                    GetDescriptors(texture.Set).Add(new ResourceDescriptor(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -213,13 +229,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="buffers">Buffers to be added</param>
         /// <param name="stages">Stages where the buffers are used</param>
-        /// <param name="setIndex">Descriptor set index where the buffers will be bound</param>
         /// <param name="isStorage">True for storage buffers, false for uniform buffers</param>
-        private void AddUsage(IEnumerable<BufferDescriptor> buffers, ResourceStages stages, int setIndex, bool isStorage)
+        private void AddUsage(IEnumerable<BufferDescriptor> buffers, ResourceStages stages, bool isStorage)
         {
             foreach (BufferDescriptor buffer in buffers)
             {
-                _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(
+                GetUsages(buffer.Set).Add(new ResourceUsage(
                     buffer.Binding,
                     1,
                     isStorage ? ResourceType.StorageBuffer : ResourceType.UniformBuffer,
@@ -232,18 +247,65 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="textures">Textures to be added</param>
         /// <param name="stages">Stages where the textures are used</param>
-        /// <param name="setIndex">Descriptor set index where the textures will be bound</param>
         /// <param name="isImage">True for images, false for textures</param>
-        private void AddUsage(IEnumerable<TextureDescriptor> textures, ResourceStages stages, int setIndex, bool isImage)
+        private void AddUsage(IEnumerable<TextureDescriptor> textures, ResourceStages stages, bool isImage)
         {
             foreach (TextureDescriptor texture in textures)
             {
                 ResourceType type = GetTextureResourceType(texture, isImage);
 
-                _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
+                GetUsages(texture.Set).Add(new ResourceUsage(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the list of resource descriptors for a given set index. A new list will be created if needed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="setIndex">Resource set index</param>
+        /// <returns>List of resource descriptors</returns>
+        private List<ResourceDescriptor> GetDescriptors(int setIndex)
+        {
+            if (_resourceDescriptors.Length <= setIndex)
+            {
+                int oldLength = _resourceDescriptors.Length;
+                Array.Resize(ref _resourceDescriptors, setIndex + 1);
+
+                for (int index = oldLength; index <= setIndex; index++)
+                {
+                    _resourceDescriptors[index] = new();
+                }
+            }
+
+            return _resourceDescriptors[setIndex];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the list of resource usages for a given set index. A new list will be created if needed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="setIndex">Resource set index</param>
+        /// <returns>List of resource usages</returns>
+        private List<ResourceUsage> GetUsages(int setIndex)
+        {
+            if (_resourceUsages.Length <= setIndex)
+            {
+                int oldLength = _resourceUsages.Length;
+                Array.Resize(ref _resourceUsages, setIndex + 1);
+
+                for (int index = oldLength; index <= setIndex; index++)
+                {
+                    _resourceUsages[index] = new();
+                }
+            }
+
+            return _resourceUsages[setIndex];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a resource type from a texture descriptor.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texture">Texture descriptor</param>
+        /// <param name="isImage">Whether the texture is a image texture (writable) or not (sampled)</param>
+        /// <returns>Resource type</returns>
         private static ResourceType GetTextureResourceType(TextureDescriptor texture, bool isImage)
         {
             bool isBuffer = (texture.Type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
@@ -278,10 +340,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <returns>Shader information</returns>
         public ShaderInfo Build(ProgramPipelineState? pipeline, bool fromCache = false)
         {
-            var descriptors = new ResourceDescriptorCollection[TotalSets];
-            var usages = new ResourceUsageCollection[TotalSets];
+            int totalSets = _resourceDescriptors.Length;
 
-            for (int index = 0; index < TotalSets; index++)
+            var descriptors = new ResourceDescriptorCollection[totalSets];
+            var usages = new ResourceUsageCollection[totalSets];
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < totalSets; index++)
             {
                 descriptors[index] = new ResourceDescriptorCollection(_resourceDescriptors[index].ToArray().AsReadOnly());
                 usages[index] = new ResourceUsageCollection(_resourceUsages[index].ToArray().AsReadOnly());

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/OpenGLRenderer.cs

@@ -61,7 +61,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
         {
             BufferCount++;
 
-            if (access.HasFlag(GAL.BufferAccess.FlushPersistent))
+            var memType = access & GAL.BufferAccess.MemoryTypeMask;
+
+            if (memType == GAL.BufferAccess.HostMemory)
             {
                 BufferHandle handle = Buffer.CreatePersistent(size);
 
@@ -75,11 +77,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
             }
         }
 
-        public BufferHandle CreateBuffer(int size, GAL.BufferAccess access, BufferHandle storageHint)
-        {
-            return CreateBuffer(size, access);
-        }
-
         public BufferHandle CreateBuffer(nint pointer, int size)
         {
             throw new NotSupportedException();
@@ -148,6 +145,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
             return new Capabilities(
                 api: TargetApi.OpenGL,
                 vendorName: GpuVendor,
+                memoryType: SystemMemoryType.BackendManaged,
                 hasFrontFacingBug: intelWindows,
                 hasVectorIndexingBug: amdWindows,
                 needsFragmentOutputSpecialization: false,
@@ -161,6 +159,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
                 supportsBgraFormat: false,
                 supportsR4G4Format: false,
                 supportsR4G4B4A4Format: true,
+                supportsScaledVertexFormats: true,
                 supportsSnormBufferTextureFormat: false,
                 supports5BitComponentFormat: true,
                 supportsSparseBuffer: false,
@@ -175,7 +174,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
                 supportsMismatchingViewFormat: HwCapabilities.SupportsMismatchingViewFormat,
                 supportsCubemapView: true,
                 supportsNonConstantTextureOffset: HwCapabilities.SupportsNonConstantTextureOffset,
-                supportsScaledVertexFormats: true,
+                supportsQuads: HwCapabilities.SupportsQuads,
                 supportsSeparateSampler: false,
                 supportsShaderBallot: HwCapabilities.SupportsShaderBallot,
                 supportsShaderBarrierDivergence: !(intelWindows || intelUnix),
@@ -188,6 +187,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
                 supportsViewportSwizzle: HwCapabilities.SupportsViewportSwizzle,
                 supportsIndirectParameters: HwCapabilities.SupportsIndirectParameters,
                 supportsDepthClipControl: true,
+                uniformBufferSetIndex: 0,
+                storageBufferSetIndex: 1,
+                textureSetIndex: 2,
+                imageSetIndex: 3,
+                extraSetBaseIndex: 0,
+                maximumExtraSets: 0,
                 maximumUniformBuffersPerStage: 13, // TODO: Avoid hardcoding those limits here and get from driver?
                 maximumStorageBuffersPerStage: 16,
                 maximumTexturesPerStage: 32,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Pipeline.cs

@@ -963,6 +963,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
             (array as ImageArray).Bind(binding);
         }
 
+        public void SetImageArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, IImageArray array)
+        {
+            throw new NotSupportedException("OpenGL does not support descriptor sets.");
+        }
+
         public void SetIndexBuffer(BufferRange buffer, IndexType type)
         {
             _elementsType = type.Convert();
@@ -1312,6 +1317,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
             (array as TextureArray).Bind(binding);
         }
 
+        public void SetTextureArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, ITextureArray array)
+        {
+            throw new NotSupportedException("OpenGL does not support descriptor sets.");
+        }
+
         public void SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> buffers)
         {
             if (_tfEnabled)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/BufferDescriptor.cs

@@ -4,14 +4,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
     {
         // New fields should be added to the end of the struct to keep disk shader cache compatibility.
 
+        public readonly int Set;
         public readonly int Binding;
         public readonly byte Slot;
         public readonly byte SbCbSlot;
         public readonly ushort SbCbOffset;
         public readonly BufferUsageFlags Flags;
 
-        public BufferDescriptor(int binding, int slot)
+        public BufferDescriptor(int set, int binding, int slot)
         {
+            Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
             Slot = (byte)slot;
             SbCbSlot = 0;
@@ -19,8 +21,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
             Flags = BufferUsageFlags.None;
         }
 
-        public BufferDescriptor(int binding, int slot, int sbCbSlot, int sbCbOffset, BufferUsageFlags flags)
+        public BufferDescriptor(int set, int binding, int slot, int sbCbSlot, int sbCbOffset, BufferUsageFlags flags)
         {
+            Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
             Slot = (byte)slot;
             SbCbSlot = (byte)sbCbSlot;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/Instructions/InstGenMemory.cs

@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
             }
             else
             {
-                context.Properties.Textures.TryGetValue(texOp.Binding, out TextureDefinition definition);
+                context.Properties.Textures.TryGetValue(texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding(), out TextureDefinition definition);
                 bool hasLod = !definition.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Multisample) && (definition.Type & SamplerType.Mask) != SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
                 string texCall;
 
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
         private static string GetSamplerName(CodeGenContext context, AstTextureOperation texOp, ref int srcIndex)
         {
-            TextureDefinition textureDefinition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.Binding];
+            TextureDefinition textureDefinition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             string name = textureDefinition.Name;
 
             if (textureDefinition.ArrayLength != 1)
@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
             if (texOp.IsSeparate)
             {
-                TextureDefinition samplerDefinition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.SamplerBinding];
+                TextureDefinition samplerDefinition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.GetSamplerSetAndBinding()];
                 string samplerName = samplerDefinition.Name;
 
                 if (samplerDefinition.ArrayLength != 1)
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
         private static string GetImageName(CodeGenContext context, AstTextureOperation texOp, ref int srcIndex)
         {
-            TextureDefinition definition = context.Properties.Images[texOp.Binding];
+            TextureDefinition definition = context.Properties.Images[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             string name = definition.Name;
 
             if (definition.ArrayLength != 1)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/CodeGenContext.cs

@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
         public Dictionary<int, Instruction> LocalMemories { get; } = new();
         public Dictionary<int, Instruction> SharedMemories { get; } = new();
 
-        public Dictionary<int, SamplerType> SamplersTypes { get; } = new();
-        public Dictionary<int, SamplerDeclaration> Samplers { get; } = new();
-        public Dictionary<int, ImageDeclaration> Images { get; } = new();
+        public Dictionary<SetBindingPair, SamplerType> SamplersTypes { get; } = new();
+        public Dictionary<SetBindingPair, SamplerDeclaration> Samplers { get; } = new();
+        public Dictionary<SetBindingPair, ImageDeclaration> Images { get; } = new();
 
         public Dictionary<IoDefinition, Instruction> Inputs { get; } = new();
         public Dictionary<IoDefinition, Instruction> Outputs { get; } = new();

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/Declarations.cs

@@ -208,13 +208,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
                 var sampledImageVariable = context.Variable(sampledImageArrayPointerType, StorageClass.UniformConstant);
 
-                context.Samplers.Add(sampler.Binding, new SamplerDeclaration(
+                context.Samplers.Add(new(sampler.Set, sampler.Binding), new SamplerDeclaration(
                     imageType,
                     sampledImageType,
                     sampledImagePointerType,
                     sampledImageVariable,
                     sampler.ArrayLength != 1));
-                context.SamplersTypes.Add(sampler.Binding, sampler.Type);
+                context.SamplersTypes.Add(new(sampler.Set, sampler.Binding), sampler.Type);
 
                 context.Name(sampledImageVariable, sampler.Name);
                 context.Decorate(sampledImageVariable, Decoration.DescriptorSet, (LiteralInteger)setIndex);
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
                 var imageVariable = context.Variable(imageArrayPointerType, StorageClass.UniformConstant);
 
-                context.Images.Add(image.Binding, new ImageDeclaration(imageType, imagePointerType, imageVariable, image.ArrayLength != 1));
+                context.Images.Add(new(image.Set, image.Binding), new ImageDeclaration(imageType, imagePointerType, imageVariable, image.ArrayLength != 1));
 
                 context.Name(imageVariable, image.Name);
                 context.Decorate(imageVariable, Decoration.DescriptorSet, (LiteralInteger)setIndex);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/Instructions.cs

@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.Binding];
+            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
 
             SpvInstruction resultType = context.GetType(componentType);
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.Binding];
+            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
 
             if (declaration.IsIndexed)
@@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.Binding];
+            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
 
             if (declaration.IsIndexed)
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
+            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
             int pCount = texOp.Type.GetDimensions();
@@ -1161,7 +1161,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
+            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
             int coordsCount = texOp.Type.GetDimensions();
@@ -1433,7 +1433,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
             int srcIndex = 0;
 
-            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
+            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
             image = context.Image(declaration.ImageType, image);
@@ -1449,7 +1449,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
             int srcIndex = 0;
 
-            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
+            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
             image = context.Image(declaration.ImageType, image);
@@ -1460,7 +1460,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
             }
             else
             {
-                var type = context.SamplersTypes[texOp.Binding];
+                var type = context.SamplersTypes[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
                 bool hasLod = !type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Multisample) && type != SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
 
                 int dimensions = (type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureCube ? 2 : type.GetDimensions();
@@ -1889,7 +1889,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
             {
                 image = context.Load(declaration.ImageType, image);
 
-                SamplerDeclaration samplerDeclaration = context.Samplers[texOp.SamplerBinding];
+                SamplerDeclaration samplerDeclaration = context.Samplers[texOp.GetSamplerSetAndBinding()];
 
                 SpvInstruction sampler = samplerDeclaration.Image;
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/GpuGraphicsState.cs

@@ -102,6 +102,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
         /// </summary>
         public readonly bool OriginUpperLeft;
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates that the primitive ID values on the shader should be halved due to quad to triangles conversion.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly bool HalvePrimitiveId;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates a new GPU graphics state.
         /// </summary>
@@ -124,6 +129,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
         /// <param name="dualSourceBlendEnable">Indicates whether dual source blend is enabled</param>
         /// <param name="yNegateEnabled">Indicates if negation of the viewport Y axis is enabled</param>
         /// <param name="originUpperLeft">If true, indicates that the fragment origin is the upper left corner of the viewport, otherwise it is the lower left corner</param>
+        /// <param name="halvePrimitiveId">Indicates that the primitive ID values on the shader should be halved due to quad to triangles conversion</param>
         public GpuGraphicsState(
             bool earlyZForce,
             InputTopology topology,
@@ -143,7 +149,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
             in Array8<AttributeType> fragmentOutputTypes,
             bool dualSourceBlendEnable,
             bool yNegateEnabled,
-            bool originUpperLeft)
+            bool originUpperLeft,
+            bool halvePrimitiveId)
         {
             EarlyZForce = earlyZForce;
             Topology = topology;
@@ -164,6 +171,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
             DualSourceBlendEnable = dualSourceBlendEnable;
             YNegateEnabled = yNegateEnabled;
             OriginUpperLeft = originUpperLeft;
+            HalvePrimitiveId = halvePrimitiveId;
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/IGpuAccessor.cs

@@ -27,34 +27,43 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
         ReadOnlySpan<ulong> GetCode(ulong address, int minimumSize);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Queries the binding number of a constant buffer.
+        /// Gets the binding number of a constant buffer.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="index">Constant buffer index</param>
         /// <returns>Binding number</returns>
-        int CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index);
+        SetBindingPair CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Queries the binding number of an image.
+        /// Gets the binding number of an image.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="count">For array of images, the number of elements of the array, otherwise it should be 1</param>
         /// <param name="isBuffer">Indicates if the image is a buffer image</param>
         /// <returns>Binding number</returns>
-        int CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer);
+        SetBindingPair CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Queries the binding number of a storage buffer.
+        /// Gets the binding number of a storage buffer.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="index">Storage buffer index</param>
         /// <returns>Binding number</returns>
-        int CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index);
+        SetBindingPair CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Queries the binding number of a texture.
+        /// Gets the binding number of a texture.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="count">For array of textures, the number of elements of the array, otherwise it should be 1</param>
         /// <param name="isBuffer">Indicates if the texture is a buffer texture</param>
         /// <returns>Binding number</returns>
-        int CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer);
+        SetBindingPair CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the set index for an additional set, or -1 if there's no extra set available.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Extra set index, or -1 if not available</returns>
+        int CreateExtraSet()
+        {
+            return -1;
+        }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Queries Local Size X for compute shaders.
@@ -135,6 +144,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
                 default,
                 false,
                 false,
+                false,
                 false);
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Instructions/InstEmitAttribute.cs

@@ -84,6 +84,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                                 value = context.IConvertU32ToFP32(value);
                             }
                         }
+                        else if (offset == AttributeConsts.PrimitiveId && context.TranslatorContext.Definitions.HalvePrimitiveId)
+                        {
+                            value = context.ShiftRightS32(value, Const(1));
+                        }
 
                         context.Copy(Register(rd), value);
                     }
@@ -187,6 +191,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                         }
                     }
                 }
+                else if (op.Imm10 == AttributeConsts.PrimitiveId && context.TranslatorContext.Definitions.HalvePrimitiveId)
+                {
+                    // If quads are used, but the host does not support them, they need to be converted to triangles.
+                    // Since each quad becomes 2 triangles, we need to compensate here and divide primitive ID by 2.
+                    res = context.ShiftRightS32(res, Const(1));
+                }
                 else if (op.Imm10 == AttributeConsts.FrontFacing && context.TranslatorContext.GpuAccessor.QueryHostHasFrontFacingBug())
                 {
                     // gl_FrontFacing sometimes has incorrect (flipped) values depending how it is accessed on Intel GPUs.

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Instructions/InstEmitSurface.cs

@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 flags |= TextureFlags.Bindless;
             }
 
-            int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 Instruction.ImageAtomic,
                 type,
                 format,
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                 imm);
 
-            Operand res = context.ImageAtomic(type, format, flags, binding, sources);
+            Operand res = context.ImageAtomic(type, format, flags, setAndBinding, sources);
 
             context.Copy(d, res);
         }
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
 
                 TextureFormat format = isBindless ? TextureFormat.Unknown : ShaderProperties.GetTextureFormat(context.TranslatorContext.GpuAccessor, handle);
 
-                int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                     Instruction.ImageLoad,
                     type,
                     format,
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                     TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                     handle);
 
-                context.ImageLoad(type, format, flags, binding, (int)componentMask, dests, sources);
+                context.ImageLoad(type, format, flags, setAndBinding, (int)componentMask, dests, sources);
             }
             else
             {
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
 
                 TextureFormat format = GetTextureFormat(size);
 
-                int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                     Instruction.ImageLoad,
                     type,
                     format,
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                     TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                     handle);
 
-                context.ImageLoad(type, format, flags, binding, compMask, dests, sources);
+                context.ImageLoad(type, format, flags, setAndBinding, compMask, dests, sources);
 
                 switch (size)
                 {
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 flags |= TextureFlags.Bindless;
             }
 
-            int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 Instruction.ImageAtomic,
                 type,
                 format,
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                 imm);
 
-            context.ImageAtomic(type, format, flags, binding, sources);
+            context.ImageAtomic(type, format, flags, setAndBinding, sources);
         }
 
         private static void EmitSust(
@@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 flags |= TextureFlags.Coherent;
             }
 
-            int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 Instruction.ImageStore,
                 type,
                 format,
@@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                 handle);
 
-            context.ImageStore(type, format, flags, binding, sources);
+            context.ImageStore(type, format, flags, setAndBinding, sources);
         }
 
         private static int GetComponentSizeInBytesLog2(SuatomSize size)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Instructions/InstEmitTexture.cs

@@ -885,7 +885,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 return Register(dest++, RegisterType.Gpr);
             }
 
-            int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 Instruction.Lod,
                 type,
                 TextureFormat.Unknown,
@@ -913,7 +913,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                     else
                     {
                         // The instruction component order is the inverse of GLSL's.
-                        Operand res = context.Lod(type, flags, binding, compIndex ^ 1, sources);
+                        Operand res = context.Lod(type, flags, setAndBinding, compIndex ^ 1, sources);
 
                         res = context.FPMultiply(res, ConstF(256.0f));
 
@@ -1116,12 +1116,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
             }
 
             TextureFlags flags = isBindless ? TextureFlags.Bindless : TextureFlags.None;
-            int binding;
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding;
 
             switch (query)
             {
                 case TexQuery.TexHeaderDimension:
-                    binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                    setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                         Instruction.TextureQuerySize,
                         type,
                         TextureFormat.Unknown,
@@ -1140,13 +1140,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                                 break;
                             }
 
-                            context.Copy(d, context.TextureQuerySize(type, flags, binding, compIndex, sources));
+                            context.Copy(d, context.TextureQuerySize(type, flags, setAndBinding, compIndex, sources));
                         }
                     }
                     break;
 
                 case TexQuery.TexHeaderTextureType:
-                    binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                    setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                         Instruction.TextureQuerySamples,
                         type,
                         TextureFormat.Unknown,
@@ -1171,7 +1171,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
 
                         if (d != null)
                         {
-                            context.Copy(d, context.TextureQuerySamples(type, flags, binding, sources));
+                            context.Copy(d, context.TextureQuerySamples(type, flags, setAndBinding, sources));
                         }
                     }
                     break;
@@ -1191,7 +1191,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
             Operand[] dests,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
-            int binding = flags.HasFlag(TextureFlags.Bindless) ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = flags.HasFlag(TextureFlags.Bindless) ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 Instruction.TextureSample,
                 type,
                 TextureFormat.Unknown,
@@ -1199,7 +1199,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                 handle);
 
-            context.TextureSample(type, flags, binding, componentMask, dests, sources);
+            context.TextureSample(type, flags, setAndBinding, componentMask, dests, sources);
         }
 
         private static SamplerType ConvertSamplerType(TexDim dimensions)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/IntermediateRepresentation/TextureOperation.cs

@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
         public TextureFormat Format { get; set; }
         public TextureFlags Flags { get; private set; }
 
+        public int Set { get; private set; }
         public int Binding { get; private set; }
+        public int SamplerSet { get; private set; }
         public int SamplerBinding { get; private set; }
 
         public TextureOperation(
@@ -16,6 +18,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFormat format,
             TextureFlags flags,
+            int set,
             int binding,
             int compIndex,
             Operand[] dests,
@@ -24,24 +27,28 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
             Type = type;
             Format = format;
             Flags = flags;
+            Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
+            SamplerSet = -1;
             SamplerBinding = -1;
         }
 
-        public void TurnIntoArray(int binding)
+        public void TurnIntoArray(SetBindingPair setAndBinding)
         {
             Flags &= ~TextureFlags.Bindless;
-            Binding = binding;
+            Set = setAndBinding.SetIndex;
+            Binding = setAndBinding.Binding;
         }
 
-        public void TurnIntoArray(int textureBinding, int samplerBinding)
+        public void TurnIntoArray(SetBindingPair textureSetAndBinding, SetBindingPair samplerSetAndBinding)
         {
-            TurnIntoArray(textureBinding);
+            TurnIntoArray(textureSetAndBinding);
 
-            SamplerBinding = samplerBinding;
+            SamplerSet = samplerSetAndBinding.SetIndex;
+            SamplerBinding = samplerSetAndBinding.Binding;
         }
 
-        public void SetBinding(int binding)
+        public void SetBinding(SetBindingPair setAndBinding)
         {
             if ((Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) != 0)
             {
@@ -50,7 +57,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
                 RemoveSource(0);
             }
 
-            Binding = binding;
+            Set = setAndBinding.SetIndex;
+            Binding = setAndBinding.Binding;
         }
 
         public void SetLodLevelFlag()

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/SetBindingPair.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
+{
+    public readonly record struct SetBindingPair(int SetIndex, int Binding);
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/StructuredIr/AstTextureOperation.cs

@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
         public TextureFormat Format { get; }
         public TextureFlags Flags { get; }
 
+        public int Set { get; }
         public int Binding { get; }
+        public int SamplerSet { get; }
         public int SamplerBinding { get; }
 
         public bool IsSeparate => SamplerBinding >= 0;
@@ -18,7 +20,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFormat format,
             TextureFlags flags,
+            int set,
             int binding,
+            int samplerSet,
             int samplerBinding,
             int index,
             params IAstNode[] sources) : base(inst, StorageKind.None, false, index, sources, sources.Length)
@@ -26,8 +30,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
             Type = type;
             Format = format;
             Flags = flags;
+            Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
+            SamplerSet = samplerSet;
             SamplerBinding = samplerBinding;
         }
+
+        public SetBindingPair GetTextureSetAndBinding()
+        {
+            return new SetBindingPair(Set, Binding);
+        }
+
+        public SetBindingPair GetSamplerSetAndBinding()
+        {
+            return new SetBindingPair(SamplerSet, SamplerBinding);
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/StructuredIr/ShaderProperties.cs

@@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
     {
         private readonly Dictionary<int, BufferDefinition> _constantBuffers;
         private readonly Dictionary<int, BufferDefinition> _storageBuffers;
-        private readonly Dictionary<int, TextureDefinition> _textures;
-        private readonly Dictionary<int, TextureDefinition> _images;
+        private readonly Dictionary<SetBindingPair, TextureDefinition> _textures;
+        private readonly Dictionary<SetBindingPair, TextureDefinition> _images;
         private readonly Dictionary<int, MemoryDefinition> _localMemories;
         private readonly Dictionary<int, MemoryDefinition> _sharedMemories;
 
         public IReadOnlyDictionary<int, BufferDefinition> ConstantBuffers => _constantBuffers;
         public IReadOnlyDictionary<int, BufferDefinition> StorageBuffers => _storageBuffers;
-        public IReadOnlyDictionary<int, TextureDefinition> Textures => _textures;
-        public IReadOnlyDictionary<int, TextureDefinition> Images => _images;
+        public IReadOnlyDictionary<SetBindingPair, TextureDefinition> Textures => _textures;
+        public IReadOnlyDictionary<SetBindingPair, TextureDefinition> Images => _images;
         public IReadOnlyDictionary<int, MemoryDefinition> LocalMemories => _localMemories;
         public IReadOnlyDictionary<int, MemoryDefinition> SharedMemories => _sharedMemories;
 
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
         {
             _constantBuffers = new Dictionary<int, BufferDefinition>();
             _storageBuffers = new Dictionary<int, BufferDefinition>();
-            _textures = new Dictionary<int, TextureDefinition>();
-            _images = new Dictionary<int, TextureDefinition>();
+            _textures = new Dictionary<SetBindingPair, TextureDefinition>();
+            _images = new Dictionary<SetBindingPair, TextureDefinition>();
             _localMemories = new Dictionary<int, MemoryDefinition>();
             _sharedMemories = new Dictionary<int, MemoryDefinition>();
         }
@@ -40,12 +40,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
 
         public void AddOrUpdateTexture(TextureDefinition definition)
         {
-            _textures[definition.Binding] = definition;
+            _textures[new(definition.Set, definition.Binding)] = definition;
         }
 
         public void AddOrUpdateImage(TextureDefinition definition)
         {
-            _images[definition.Binding] = definition;
+            _images[new(definition.Set, definition.Binding)] = definition;
         }
 
         public int AddLocalMemory(MemoryDefinition definition)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/StructuredIr/StructuredProgram.cs

@@ -169,7 +169,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
 
             AstTextureOperation GetAstTextureOperation(TextureOperation texOp)
             {
-                return new AstTextureOperation(inst, texOp.Type, texOp.Format, texOp.Flags, texOp.Binding, texOp.SamplerBinding, texOp.Index, sources);
+                return new AstTextureOperation(
+                    inst,
+                    texOp.Type,
+                    texOp.Format,
+                    texOp.Flags,
+                    texOp.Set,
+                    texOp.Binding,
+                    texOp.SamplerSet,
+                    texOp.SamplerBinding,
+                    texOp.Index,
+                    sources);
             }
 
             int componentsCount = BitOperations.PopCount((uint)operation.Index);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/TextureDescriptor.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
     {
         // New fields should be added to the end of the struct to keep disk shader cache compatibility.
 
+        public readonly int Set;
         public readonly int Binding;
 
         public readonly SamplerType Type;
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
         public readonly TextureUsageFlags Flags;
 
         public TextureDescriptor(
+            int set,
             int binding,
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFormat format,
@@ -27,6 +29,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
             bool separate,
             TextureUsageFlags flags)
         {
+            Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
             Type = type;
             Format = format;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/EmitterContext.cs

@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                     this.TextureSample(
                         SamplerType.TextureBuffer,
                         TextureFlags.IntCoords,
-                        ResourceManager.Reservations.IndexBufferTextureBinding,
+                        ResourceManager.Reservations.GetIndexBufferTextureSetAndBinding(),
                         1,
                         new[] { vertexIndexVr },
                         new[] { this.IAdd(ibBaseOffset, outputVertexOffset) });
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                         this.TextureSample(
                             SamplerType.TextureBuffer,
                             TextureFlags.IntCoords,
-                            ResourceManager.Reservations.TopologyRemapBufferTextureBinding,
+                            ResourceManager.Reservations.GetTopologyRemapBufferTextureSetAndBinding(),
                             1,
                             new[] { vertexIndex },
                             new[] { this.IAdd(baseVertex, Const(index)) });

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/EmitterContextInsts.cs

@@ -618,12 +618,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFormat format,
             TextureFlags flags,
-            int binding,
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
             Operand dest = Local();
 
-            context.Add(new TextureOperation(Instruction.ImageAtomic, type, format, flags, binding, 0, new[] { dest }, sources));
+            context.Add(new TextureOperation(
+                Instruction.ImageAtomic,
+                type,
+                format,
+                flags,
+                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                setAndBinding.Binding,
+                0,
+                new[] { dest },
+                sources));
 
             return dest;
         }
@@ -633,12 +642,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFormat format,
             TextureFlags flags,
-            int binding,
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding,
             int compMask,
             Operand[] dests,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
-            context.Add(new TextureOperation(Instruction.ImageLoad, type, format, flags, binding, compMask, dests, sources));
+            context.Add(new TextureOperation(
+                Instruction.ImageLoad,
+                type,
+                format,
+                flags,
+                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                setAndBinding.Binding,
+                compMask,
+                dests,
+                sources));
         }
 
         public static void ImageStore(
@@ -646,10 +664,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFormat format,
             TextureFlags flags,
-            int binding,
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
-            context.Add(new TextureOperation(Instruction.ImageStore, type, format, flags, binding, 0, null, sources));
+            context.Add(new TextureOperation(
+                Instruction.ImageStore,
+                type,
+                format,
+                flags,
+                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                setAndBinding.Binding,
+                0,
+                null,
+                sources));
         }
 
         public static Operand IsNan(this EmitterContext context, Operand a, Instruction fpType = Instruction.FP32)
@@ -718,13 +745,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             this EmitterContext context,
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFlags flags,
-            int binding,
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding,
             int compIndex,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
             Operand dest = Local();
 
-            context.Add(new TextureOperation(Instruction.Lod, type, TextureFormat.Unknown, flags, binding, compIndex, new[] { dest }, sources));
+            context.Add(new TextureOperation(
+                Instruction.Lod,
+                type,
+                TextureFormat.Unknown,
+                flags,
+                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                setAndBinding.Binding,
+                compIndex,
+                new[] { dest },
+                sources));
 
             return dest;
         }
@@ -889,24 +925,42 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             this EmitterContext context,
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFlags flags,
-            int binding,
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding,
             int compMask,
             Operand[] dests,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
-            context.Add(new TextureOperation(Instruction.TextureSample, type, TextureFormat.Unknown, flags, binding, compMask, dests, sources));
+            context.Add(new TextureOperation(
+                Instruction.TextureSample,
+                type,
+                TextureFormat.Unknown,
+                flags,
+                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                setAndBinding.Binding,
+                compMask,
+                dests,
+                sources));
         }
 
         public static Operand TextureQuerySamples(
             this EmitterContext context,
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFlags flags,
-            int binding,
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
             Operand dest = Local();
 
-            context.Add(new TextureOperation(Instruction.TextureQuerySamples, type, TextureFormat.Unknown, flags, binding, 0, new[] { dest }, sources));
+            context.Add(new TextureOperation(
+                Instruction.TextureQuerySamples,
+                type,
+                TextureFormat.Unknown,
+                flags,
+                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                setAndBinding.Binding,
+                0,
+                new[] { dest },
+                sources));
 
             return dest;
         }
@@ -915,13 +969,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             this EmitterContext context,
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFlags flags,
-            int binding,
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding,
             int compIndex,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
             Operand dest = Local();
 
-            context.Add(new TextureOperation(Instruction.TextureQuerySize, type, TextureFormat.Unknown, flags, binding, compIndex, new[] { dest }, sources));
+            context.Add(new TextureOperation(
+                Instruction.TextureQuerySize,
+                type,
+                TextureFormat.Unknown,
+                flags,
+                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                setAndBinding.Binding,
+                compIndex,
+                new[] { dest },
+                sources));
 
             return dest;
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Optimizations/BindlessElimination.cs

@@ -38,6 +38,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                     // If we can't do bindless elimination, remove the texture operation.
                     // Set any destination variables to zero.
 
+                    string typeName = texOp.Inst.IsImage()
+                        ? texOp.Type.ToGlslImageType(texOp.Format.GetComponentType())
+                        : texOp.Type.ToGlslTextureType();
+
+                    gpuAccessor.Log($"Failed to find handle source for bindless access of type \"{typeName}\".");
+
                     for (int destIndex = 0; destIndex < texOp.DestsCount; destIndex++)
                     {
                         block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.Copy, texOp.GetDest(destIndex), OperandHelper.Const(0)));
@@ -62,17 +68,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                 return false;
             }
 
-            Operand nvHandle = texOp.GetSource(0);
+            Operand bindlessHandle = texOp.GetSource(0);
 
-            if (nvHandle.AsgOp is not Operation handleOp ||
-                handleOp.Inst != Instruction.Load ||
-                handleOp.StorageKind != StorageKind.Input)
+            if (bindlessHandle.AsgOp is PhiNode phi)
             {
-                // Right now, we only allow bindless access when the handle comes from a shader input.
-                // This is an artificial limitation to prevent it from being used in cases where it
-                // would have a large performance impact of loading all textures in the pool.
-                // It might be removed in the future, if we can mitigate the performance impact.
+                for (int srcIndex = 0; srcIndex < phi.SourcesCount; srcIndex++)
+                {
+                    Operand phiSource = phi.GetSource(srcIndex);
 
+                    if (phiSource.AsgOp is not PhiNode && !IsBindlessAccessAllowed(phiSource))
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else if (!IsBindlessAccessAllowed(bindlessHandle))
+            {
                 return false;
             }
 
@@ -80,8 +91,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
             Operand samplerHandle = OperandHelper.Local();
             Operand textureIndex = OperandHelper.Local();
 
-            block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.BitwiseAnd, textureHandle, nvHandle, OperandHelper.Const(0xfffff)));
-            block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.ShiftRightU32, samplerHandle, nvHandle, OperandHelper.Const(20)));
+            block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.BitwiseAnd, textureHandle, bindlessHandle, OperandHelper.Const(0xfffff)));
+            block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.ShiftRightU32, samplerHandle, bindlessHandle, OperandHelper.Const(20)));
 
             int texturePoolLength = Math.Max(BindlessToArray.MinimumArrayLength, gpuAccessor.QueryTextureArrayLengthFromPool());
 
@@ -91,7 +102,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
 
             bool hasSampler = !texOp.Inst.IsImage();
 
-            int textureBinding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair textureSetAndBinding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 texOp.Inst,
                 texOp.Type,
                 texOp.Format,
@@ -111,7 +122,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
 
                 texOp.InsertSource(1, samplerIndex);
 
-                int samplerBinding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                SetBindingPair samplerSetAndBinding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                     texOp.Inst,
                     SamplerType.None,
                     texOp.Format,
@@ -120,11 +131,35 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                     TextureHandle.PackOffsets(0, 0, TextureHandleType.Direct),
                     samplerPoolLength);
 
-                texOp.TurnIntoArray(textureBinding, samplerBinding);
+                texOp.TurnIntoArray(textureSetAndBinding, samplerSetAndBinding);
             }
             else
             {
-                texOp.TurnIntoArray(textureBinding);
+                texOp.TurnIntoArray(textureSetAndBinding);
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private static bool IsBindlessAccessAllowed(Operand nvHandle)
+        {
+            if (nvHandle.Type == OperandType.ConstantBuffer)
+            {
+                // Bindless access with handles from constant buffer is allowed.
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (nvHandle.AsgOp is not Operation handleOp ||
+                handleOp.Inst != Instruction.Load ||
+                (handleOp.StorageKind != StorageKind.Input && handleOp.StorageKind != StorageKind.StorageBuffer))
+            {
+                // Right now, we only allow bindless access when the handle comes from a shader input or storage buffer.
+                // This is an artificial limitation to prevent it from being used in cases where it
+                // would have a large performance impact of loading all textures in the pool.
+                // It might be removed in the future, if we can mitigate the performance impact.
+
+                return false;
             }
 
             return true;
@@ -445,7 +480,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                 }
             }
 
-            int binding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 texOp.Inst,
                 texOp.Type,
                 texOp.Format,
@@ -453,7 +488,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                 cbufSlot,
                 cbufOffset);
 
-            texOp.SetBinding(binding);
+            texOp.SetBinding(setAndBinding);
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Optimizations/BindlessToArray.cs

@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
 
         private static void TurnIntoArray(ResourceManager resourceManager, TextureOperation texOp, int cbufSlot, int handleIndex, int length)
         {
-            int binding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 texOp.Inst,
                 texOp.Type,
                 texOp.Format,
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                 handleIndex,
                 length);
 
-            texOp.TurnIntoArray(binding);
+            texOp.TurnIntoArray(setAndBinding);
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/ResourceManager.cs

@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
         private readonly ShaderStage _stage;
         private readonly string _stagePrefix;
 
-        private readonly int[] _cbSlotToBindingMap;
-        private readonly int[] _sbSlotToBindingMap;
+        private readonly SetBindingPair[] _cbSlotToBindingMap;
+        private readonly SetBindingPair[] _sbSlotToBindingMap;
         private uint _sbSlotWritten;
 
         private readonly Dictionary<int, int> _sbSlots;
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
         private struct TextureMeta
         {
+            public int Set;
             public int Binding;
             public bool AccurateType;
             public SamplerType Type;
@@ -64,10 +65,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             _stage = stage;
             _stagePrefix = GetShaderStagePrefix(stage);
 
-            _cbSlotToBindingMap = new int[18];
-            _sbSlotToBindingMap = new int[16];
-            _cbSlotToBindingMap.AsSpan().Fill(-1);
-            _sbSlotToBindingMap.AsSpan().Fill(-1);
+            _cbSlotToBindingMap = new SetBindingPair[18];
+            _sbSlotToBindingMap = new SetBindingPair[16];
+            _cbSlotToBindingMap.AsSpan().Fill(new(-1, -1));
+            _sbSlotToBindingMap.AsSpan().Fill(new(-1, -1));
 
             _sbSlots = new();
             _sbSlotsReverse = new();
@@ -146,16 +147,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
         public int GetConstantBufferBinding(int slot)
         {
-            int binding = _cbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
-            if (binding < 0)
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = _cbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
+            if (setAndBinding.Binding < 0)
             {
-                binding = _gpuAccessor.CreateConstantBufferBinding(slot);
-                _cbSlotToBindingMap[slot] = binding;
+                setAndBinding = _gpuAccessor.CreateConstantBufferBinding(slot);
+                _cbSlotToBindingMap[slot] = setAndBinding;
                 string slotNumber = slot.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-                AddNewConstantBuffer(binding, $"{_stagePrefix}_c{slotNumber}");
+                AddNewConstantBuffer(setAndBinding.SetIndex, setAndBinding.Binding, $"{_stagePrefix}_c{slotNumber}");
             }
 
-            return binding;
+            return setAndBinding.Binding;
         }
 
         public bool TryGetStorageBufferBinding(int sbCbSlot, int sbCbOffset, bool write, out int binding)
@@ -166,14 +167,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 return false;
             }
 
-            binding = _sbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = _sbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
 
-            if (binding < 0)
+            if (setAndBinding.Binding < 0)
             {
-                binding = _gpuAccessor.CreateStorageBufferBinding(slot);
-                _sbSlotToBindingMap[slot] = binding;
+                setAndBinding = _gpuAccessor.CreateStorageBufferBinding(slot);
+                _sbSlotToBindingMap[slot] = setAndBinding;
                 string slotNumber = slot.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-                AddNewStorageBuffer(binding, $"{_stagePrefix}_s{slotNumber}");
+                AddNewStorageBuffer(setAndBinding.SetIndex, setAndBinding.Binding, $"{_stagePrefix}_s{slotNumber}");
             }
 
             if (write)
@@ -181,6 +182,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 _sbSlotWritten |= 1u << slot;
             }
 
+            binding = setAndBinding.Binding;
             return true;
         }
 
@@ -208,7 +210,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
         {
             for (slot = 0; slot < _cbSlotToBindingMap.Length; slot++)
             {
-                if (_cbSlotToBindingMap[slot] == binding)
+                if (_cbSlotToBindingMap[slot].Binding == binding)
                 {
                     return true;
                 }
@@ -218,7 +220,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             return false;
         }
 
-        public int GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+        public SetBindingPair GetTextureOrImageBinding(
             Instruction inst,
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFormat format,
@@ -240,7 +242,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 format = TextureFormat.Unknown;
             }
 
-            int binding = GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 cbufSlot,
                 handle,
                 arrayLength,
@@ -255,10 +257,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
             _gpuAccessor.RegisterTexture(handle, cbufSlot);
 
-            return binding;
+            return setAndBinding;
         }
 
-        private int GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+        private SetBindingPair GetTextureOrImageBinding(
             int cbufSlot,
             int handle,
             int arrayLength,
@@ -311,21 +313,38 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 UsageFlags = usageFlags,
             };
 
+            int setIndex;
             int binding;
 
             if (dict.TryGetValue(info, out var existingMeta))
             {
                 dict[info] = MergeTextureMeta(meta, existingMeta);
+                setIndex = existingMeta.Set;
                 binding = existingMeta.Binding;
             }
             else
             {
-                bool isBuffer = (type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
+                if (arrayLength > 1 && (setIndex = _gpuAccessor.CreateExtraSet()) >= 0)
+                {
+                    // We reserved an "extra set" for the array.
+                    // In this case the binding is always the first one (0).
+                    // Using separate sets for array is better as we need to do less descriptor set updates.
 
-                binding = isImage
-                    ? _gpuAccessor.CreateImageBinding(arrayLength, isBuffer)
-                    : _gpuAccessor.CreateTextureBinding(arrayLength, isBuffer);
+                    binding = 0;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    bool isBuffer = (type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
 
+                    SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isImage
+                        ? _gpuAccessor.CreateImageBinding(arrayLength, isBuffer)
+                        : _gpuAccessor.CreateTextureBinding(arrayLength, isBuffer);
+
+                    setIndex = setAndBinding.SetIndex;
+                    binding = setAndBinding.Binding;
+                }
+
+                meta.Set = setIndex;
                 meta.Binding = binding;
 
                 dict.Add(info, meta);
@@ -355,7 +374,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             }
 
             var definition = new TextureDefinition(
-                isImage ? 3 : 2,
+                setIndex,
                 binding,
                 arrayLength,
                 separate,
@@ -373,11 +392,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 Properties.AddOrUpdateTexture(definition);
             }
 
-            return binding;
+            return new SetBindingPair(setIndex, binding);
         }
 
         private static TextureMeta MergeTextureMeta(TextureMeta meta, TextureMeta existingMeta)
         {
+            meta.Set = existingMeta.Set;
             meta.Binding = existingMeta.Binding;
             meta.UsageFlags |= existingMeta.UsageFlags;
 
@@ -440,11 +460,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
             for (int slot = 0; slot < _cbSlotToBindingMap.Length; slot++)
             {
-                int binding = _cbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
+                SetBindingPair setAndBinding = _cbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
 
-                if (binding >= 0 && _usedConstantBufferBindings.Contains(binding))
+                if (setAndBinding.Binding >= 0 && _usedConstantBufferBindings.Contains(setAndBinding.Binding))
                 {
-                    descriptors[descriptorIndex++] = new BufferDescriptor(binding, slot);
+                    descriptors[descriptorIndex++] = new BufferDescriptor(setAndBinding.SetIndex, setAndBinding.Binding, slot);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -464,13 +484,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
             foreach ((int key, int slot) in _sbSlots)
             {
-                int binding = _sbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
+                SetBindingPair setAndBinding = _sbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
 
-                if (binding >= 0)
+                if (setAndBinding.Binding >= 0)
                 {
                     (int sbCbSlot, int sbCbOffset) = UnpackSbCbInfo(key);
                     BufferUsageFlags flags = (_sbSlotWritten & (1u << slot)) != 0 ? BufferUsageFlags.Write : BufferUsageFlags.None;
-                    descriptors[descriptorIndex++] = new BufferDescriptor(binding, slot, sbCbSlot, sbCbOffset, flags);
+                    descriptors[descriptorIndex++] = new BufferDescriptor(setAndBinding.SetIndex, setAndBinding.Binding, slot, sbCbSlot, sbCbOffset, flags);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -507,6 +527,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 }
 
                 descriptors.Add(new TextureDescriptor(
+                    meta.Set,
                     meta.Binding,
                     meta.Type,
                     info.Format,
@@ -527,6 +548,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                     }
 
                     descriptors.Add(new TextureDescriptor(
+                        meta.Set,
                         meta.Binding,
                         meta.Type,
                         info.Format,
@@ -587,24 +609,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             return false;
         }
 
-        private void AddNewConstantBuffer(int binding, string name)
+        private void AddNewConstantBuffer(int setIndex, int binding, string name)
         {
             StructureType type = new(new[]
             {
                 new StructureField(AggregateType.Array | AggregateType.Vector4 | AggregateType.FP32, "data", Constants.ConstantBufferSize / 16),
             });
 
-            Properties.AddOrUpdateConstantBuffer(new(BufferLayout.Std140, 0, binding, name, type));
+            Properties.AddOrUpdateConstantBuffer(new(BufferLayout.Std140, setIndex, binding, name, type));
         }
 
-        private void AddNewStorageBuffer(int binding, string name)
+        private void AddNewStorageBuffer(int setIndex, int binding, string name)
         {
             StructureType type = new(new[]
             {
                 new StructureField(AggregateType.Array | AggregateType.U32, "data", 0),
             });
 
-            Properties.AddOrUpdateStorageBuffer(new(BufferLayout.Std430, 1, binding, name, type));
+            Properties.AddOrUpdateStorageBuffer(new(BufferLayout.Std430, setIndex, binding, name, type));
         }
 
         public static string GetShaderStagePrefix(ShaderStage stage)