libntfs/source/unistr.c

/**
 * unistr.c - Unicode string handling. Originated from the Linux-NTFS project.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2000-2004 Anton Altaparmakov
 * Copyright (c) 2002-2009 Szabolcs Szakacsits
 * Copyright (c) 2008-2011 Jean-Pierre Andre
 * Copyright (c) 2008      Bernhard Kaindl
 *
 * This program/include file is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published
 * by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program/include file is distributed in the hope that it will be
 * useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty
 * of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program (in the main directory of the NTFS-3G
 * distribution in the file COPYING); if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation,Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
 */

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "config.h"
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_STDIO_H
#include <stdio.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_STDLIB_H
#include <stdlib.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_WCHAR_H
#include <wchar.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_STRING_H
#include <string.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_ERRNO_H
#include <errno.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LOCALE_H
#include <locale.h>
#endif

#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__DARWIN__)
#ifdef ENABLE_NFCONV
#include <CoreFoundation/CoreFoundation.h>
#endif /* ENABLE_NFCONV */
#endif /* defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__DARWIN__) */

#include "compat.h"
#include "attrib.h"
#include "types.h"
#include "unistr.h"
#include "debug.h"
#include "logging.h"
#include "misc.h"

#define NOREVBOM 0  /* JPA rejecting U+FFFE and U+FFFF, open to debate */

/*
 * IMPORTANT
 * =========
 *
 * All these routines assume that the Unicode characters are in little endian
 * encoding inside the strings!!!
 */

static int use_utf8 = 1; /* use UTF-8 encoding for file names */

#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__DARWIN__)
#ifdef ENABLE_NFCONV
/**
 * This variable controls whether or not automatic normalization form conversion
 * should be performed when translating NTFS unicode file names to UTF-8.
 * Defaults to on, but can be controlled from the outside using the function
 *   int ntfs_macosx_normalize_filenames(int normalize);
 */
static int nfconvert_utf8 = 1;
#endif /* ENABLE_NFCONV */
#endif /* defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__DARWIN__) */

/*
 * This is used by the name collation functions to quickly determine what
 * characters are (in)valid.
 */
#if 0
static const u8 legal_ansi_char_array[0x40] = {
	0x00, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10,
	0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10,

	0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10,
	0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10,

	0x17, 0x07, 0x18, 0x17, 0x17, 0x17, 0x17, 0x17,
	0x17, 0x17, 0x18, 0x16, 0x16, 0x17, 0x07, 0x00,

	0x17, 0x17, 0x17, 0x17, 0x17, 0x17, 0x17, 0x17,
	0x17, 0x17, 0x04, 0x16, 0x18, 0x16, 0x18, 0x18,
};
#endif

/**
 * ntfs_names_are_equal - compare two Unicode names for equality
 * @s1:			name to compare to @s2
 * @s1_len:		length in Unicode characters of @s1
 * @s2:			name to compare to @s1
 * @s2_len:		length in Unicode characters of @s2
 * @ic:			ignore case bool
 * @upcase:		upcase table (only if @ic == IGNORE_CASE)
 * @upcase_size:	length in Unicode characters of @upcase (if present)
 *
 * Compare the names @s1 and @s2 and return TRUE (1) if the names are
 * identical, or FALSE (0) if they are not identical. If @ic is IGNORE_CASE,
 * the @upcase table is used to perform a case insensitive comparison.
 */
BOOL ntfs_names_are_equal(const ntfschar *s1, size_t s1_len,
		const ntfschar *s2, size_t s2_len,
		const IGNORE_CASE_BOOL ic,
		const ntfschar *upcase, const u32 upcase_size)
{
	if (s1_len != s2_len)
		return FALSE;
	if (!s1_len)
		return TRUE;
	if (ic == CASE_SENSITIVE)
		return ntfs_ucsncmp(s1, s2, s1_len) ? FALSE: TRUE;
	return ntfs_ucsncasecmp(s1, s2, s1_len, upcase, upcase_size) ? FALSE:
								       TRUE;
}

/*
 * ntfs_names_full_collate() fully collate two Unicode names
 *
 * @name1:	first Unicode name to compare
 * @name1_len:	length of first Unicode name to compare
 * @name2:	second Unicode name to compare
 * @name2_len:	length of second Unicode name to compare
 * @ic:		either CASE_SENSITIVE or IGNORE_CASE
 * @upcase:	upcase table (ignored if @ic is CASE_SENSITIVE)
 * @upcase_len:	upcase table size (ignored if @ic is CASE_SENSITIVE)
 *
 *  -1 if the first name collates before the second one,
 *   0 if the names match,
 *   1 if the second name collates before the first one, or
 *
 */
int ntfs_names_full_collate(const ntfschar *name1, const u32 name1_len,
		const ntfschar *name2, const u32 name2_len,
		const IGNORE_CASE_BOOL ic, const ntfschar *upcase,
		const u32 upcase_len)
{
	u32 cnt;
	u16 c1, c2;
	u16 u1, u2;

#ifdef DEBUG
	if (!name1 || !name2 || (ic && (!upcase || !upcase_len))) {
		ntfs_log_debug("ntfs_names_collate received NULL pointer!\n");
		exit(1);
	}
#endif
	cnt = min(name1_len, name2_len);
	if (cnt > 0) {
		if (ic == CASE_SENSITIVE) {
			while (--cnt && (*name1 == *name2)) {
				name1++;
				name2++;
			}
			u1 = c1 = le16_to_cpu(*name1);
			u2 = c2 = le16_to_cpu(*name2);
			if (u1 < upcase_len)
				u1 = le16_to_cpu(upcase[u1]);
			if (u2 < upcase_len)
				u2 = le16_to_cpu(upcase[u2]);
			if ((u1 == u2) && cnt)
				do {
					name1++;
					u1 = le16_to_cpu(*name1);
					name2++;
					u2 = le16_to_cpu(*name2);
					if (u1 < upcase_len)
						u1 = le16_to_cpu(upcase[u1]);
					if (u2 < upcase_len)
						u2 = le16_to_cpu(upcase[u2]);
				} while ((u1 == u2) && --cnt);
			if (u1 < u2)
				return -1;
			if (u1 > u2)
				return 1;
			if (name1_len < name2_len)
				return -1;
			if (name1_len > name2_len)
				return 1;
			if (c1 < c2)
				return -1;
			if (c1 > c2)
				return 1;
		} else {
			do {
				u1 = c1 = le16_to_cpu(*name1);
				name1++;
				u2 = c2 = le16_to_cpu(*name2);
				name2++;
				if (u1 < upcase_len)
					u1 = le16_to_cpu(upcase[u1]);
				if (u2 < upcase_len)
					u2 = le16_to_cpu(upcase[u2]);
			} while ((u1 == u2) && --cnt);
			if (u1 < u2)
				return -1;
			if (u1 > u2)
				return 1;
			if (name1_len < name2_len)
				return -1;
			if (name1_len > name2_len)
				return 1;
		}
	} else {
		if (name1_len < name2_len)
			return -1;
		if (name1_len > name2_len)
			return 1;
	}
	return 0;
}

/**
 * ntfs_ucsncmp - compare two little endian Unicode strings
 * @s1:		first string
 * @s2:		second string
 * @n:		maximum unicode characters to compare
 *
 * Compare the first @n characters of the Unicode strings @s1 and @s2,
 * The strings in little endian format and appropriate le16_to_cpu()
 * conversion is performed on non-little endian machines.
 *
 * The function returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero
 * if @s1 (or the first @n Unicode characters thereof) is found, respectively,
 * to be less than, to match, or be greater than @s2.
 */
int ntfs_ucsncmp(const ntfschar *s1, const ntfschar *s2, size_t n)
{
	ntfschar c1, c2;
	size_t i;

#ifdef DEBUG
	if (!s1 || !s2) {
		ntfs_log_debug("ntfs_wcsncmp() received NULL pointer!\n");
		exit(1);
	}
#endif
	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
		c1 = le16_to_cpu(s1[i]);
		c2 = le16_to_cpu(s2[i]);
		if (c1 < c2)
			return -1;
		if (c1 > c2)
			return 1;
		if (!c1)
			break;
	}
	return 0;
}

/**
 * ntfs_ucsncasecmp - compare two little endian Unicode strings, ignoring case
 * @s1:			first string
 * @s2:			second string
 * @n:			maximum unicode characters to compare
 * @upcase:		upcase table
 * @upcase_size:	upcase table size in Unicode characters
 *
 * Compare the first @n characters of the Unicode strings @s1 and @s2,
 * ignoring case. The strings in little endian format and appropriate
 * le16_to_cpu() conversion is performed on non-little endian machines.
 *
 * Each character is uppercased using the @upcase table before the comparison.
 *
 * The function returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero
 * if @s1 (or the first @n Unicode characters thereof) is found, respectively,
 * to be less than, to match, or be greater than @s2.
 */
int ntfs_ucsncasecmp(const ntfschar *s1, const ntfschar *s2, size_t n,
		const ntfschar *upcase, const u32 upcase_size)
{
	u16 c1, c2;
	size_t i;

#ifdef DEBUG
	if (!s1 || !s2 || !upcase) {
		ntfs_log_debug("ntfs_wcsncasecmp() received NULL pointer!\n");
		exit(1);
	}
#endif
	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
		if ((c1 = le16_to_cpu(s1[i])) < upcase_size)
			c1 = le16_to_cpu(upcase[c1]);
		if ((c2 = le16_to_cpu(s2[i])) < upcase_size)
			c2 = le16_to_cpu(upcase[c2]);
		if (c1 < c2)
			return -1;
		if (c1 > c2)
			return 1;
		if (!c1)
			break;
	}
	return 0;
}

/**
 * ntfs_ucsnlen - determine the length of a little endian Unicode string
 * @s:		pointer to Unicode string
 * @maxlen:	maximum length of string @s
 *
 * Return the number of Unicode characters in the little endian Unicode
 * string @s up to a maximum of maxlen Unicode characters, not including
 * the terminating (ntfschar)'\0'. If there is no (ntfschar)'\0' between @s
 * and @s + @maxlen, @maxlen is returned.
 *
 * This function never looks beyond @s + @maxlen.
 */
u32 ntfs_ucsnlen(const ntfschar *s, u32 maxlen)
{
	u32 i;

	for (i = 0; i < maxlen; i++) {
		if (!le16_to_cpu(s[i]))
			break;
	}
	return i;
}

/**
 * ntfs_ucsndup - duplicate little endian Unicode string
 * @s:		pointer to Unicode string
 * @maxlen:	maximum length of string @s
 *
 * Return a pointer to a new little endian Unicode string which is a duplicate
 * of the string s.  Memory for the new string is obtained with ntfs_malloc(3),
 * and can be freed with free(3).
 *
 * A maximum of @maxlen Unicode characters are copied and a terminating
 * (ntfschar)'\0' little endian Unicode character is added.
 *
 * This function never looks beyond @s + @maxlen.
 *
 * Return a pointer to the new little endian Unicode string on success and NULL
 * on failure with errno set to the error code.
 */
ntfschar *ntfs_ucsndup(const ntfschar *s, u32 maxlen)
{
	ntfschar *dst;
	u32 len;

	len = ntfs_ucsnlen(s, maxlen);
	dst = ntfs_malloc((len + 1) * sizeof(ntfschar));
	if (dst) {
		memcpy(dst, s, len * sizeof(ntfschar));
		dst[len] = cpu_to_le16(L'\0');
	}
	return dst;
}

/**
 * ntfs_name_upcase - Map an Unicode name to its uppercase equivalent
 * @name:
 * @name_len:
 * @upcase:
 * @upcase_len:
 *
 * Description...
 *
 * Returns:
 */
void ntfs_name_upcase(ntfschar *name, u32 name_len, const ntfschar *upcase,
		const u32 upcase_len)
{
	u32 i;
	u16 u;

	for (i = 0; i < name_len; i++)
		if ((u = le16_to_cpu(name[i])) < upcase_len)
			name[i] = upcase[u];
}

/**
 * ntfs_name_locase - Map a Unicode name to its lowercase equivalent
 */
void ntfs_name_locase(ntfschar *name, u32 name_len, const ntfschar *locase,
		const u32 locase_len)
{
	u32 i;
	u16 u;

	if (locase)
		for (i = 0; i < name_len; i++)
			if ((u = le16_to_cpu(name[i])) < locase_len)
				name[i] = locase[u];
}

/**
 * ntfs_file_value_upcase - Convert a filename to upper case
 * @file_name_attr:
 * @upcase:
 * @upcase_len:
 *
 * Description...
 *
 * Returns:
 */
void ntfs_file_value_upcase(FILE_NAME_ATTR *file_name_attr,
		const ntfschar *upcase, const u32 upcase_len)
{
	ntfs_name_upcase((ntfschar*)&file_name_attr->file_name,
			file_name_attr->file_name_length, upcase, upcase_len);
}

/*
   NTFS uses Unicode (UTF-16LE [NTFS-3G uses UCS-2LE, which is enough
   for now]) for path names, but the Unicode code points need to be
   converted before a path can be accessed under NTFS. For 7 bit ASCII/ANSI,
   glibc does this even without a locale in a hard-coded fashion as that
   appears to be is easy because the low 7-bit ASCII range appears to be
   available in all charsets but it does not convert anything if
   there was some error with the locale setup or none set up like
   when mount is called during early boot where he (by policy) do
   not use locales (and may be not available if /usr is not yet mounted),
   so this patch fixes the resulting issues for systems which use
   UTF-8 and for others, specifying the locale in fstab brings them
   the encoding which they want.
  
   If no locale is defined or there was a problem with setting one
   up and whenever nl_langinfo(CODESET) returns a sting starting with
   "ANSI", use an internal UCS-2LE <-> UTF-8 codeset converter to fix
   the bug where NTFS-3G does not show any path names which include
   international characters!!! (and also fails on creating them) as result.
  
   Author: Bernhard Kaindl <bk@suse.de>
   Jean-Pierre Andre made it compliant with RFC3629/RFC2781.
*/
 
/* 
 * Return the amount of 8-bit elements in UTF-8 needed (without the terminating
 * null) to store a given UTF-16LE string.
 *
 * Return -1 with errno set if string has invalid byte sequence or too long.
 */
static int utf16_to_utf8_size(const ntfschar *ins, const int ins_len, int outs_len)
{
	int i, ret = -1;
	int count = 0;
	BOOL surrog;

	surrog = FALSE;
	for (i = 0; i < ins_len && ins[i]; i++) {
		unsigned short c = le16_to_cpu(ins[i]);
		if (surrog) {
			if ((c >= 0xdc00) && (c < 0xe000)) {
				surrog = FALSE;
				count += 4;
			} else 
				goto fail;
		} else
			if (c < 0x80)
				count++;
			else if (c < 0x800)
				count += 2;
			else if (c < 0xd800)
				count += 3;
			else if (c < 0xdc00)
				surrog = TRUE;
#if NOREVBOM
			else if ((c >= 0xe000) && (c < 0xfffe))
#else
			else if (c >= 0xe000)
#endif
				count += 3;
			else 
				goto fail;
		if (count > outs_len) {
			errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
			goto out;
		}
	}
	if (surrog) 
		goto fail;

	ret = count;
out:
	return ret;
fail:
	errno = EILSEQ;
	goto out;
}

/*
 * ntfs_utf16_to_utf8 - convert a little endian UTF16LE string to an UTF-8 string
 * @ins:	input utf16 string buffer
 * @ins_len:	length of input string in utf16 characters
 * @outs:	on return contains the (allocated) output multibyte string
 * @outs_len:	length of output buffer in bytes
 *
 * Return -1 with errno set if string has invalid byte sequence or too long.
 */
static int ntfs_utf16_to_utf8(const ntfschar *ins, const int ins_len,
			      char **outs, int outs_len)
{
#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__DARWIN__)
#ifdef ENABLE_NFCONV
	char *original_outs_value = *outs;
	int original_outs_len = outs_len;
#endif /* ENABLE_NFCONV */
#endif /* defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__DARWIN__) */

	char *t;
	int i, size, ret = -1;
	int halfpair;

	halfpair = 0;
	if (!*outs)
		outs_len = PATH_MAX;

	size = utf16_to_utf8_size(ins, ins_len, outs_len);

	if (size < 0)
		goto out;

	if (!*outs) {
		outs_len = size + 1;
		*outs = ntfs_malloc(outs_len);
		if (!*outs)
			goto out;
	}

	t = *outs;

	for (i = 0; i < ins_len && ins[i]; i++) {
	    unsigned short c = le16_to_cpu(ins[i]);
			/* size not double-checked */
		if (halfpair) {
			if ((c >= 0xdc00) && (c < 0xe000)) {
				*t++ = 0xf0 + (((halfpair + 64) >> 8) & 7);
				*t++ = 0x80 + (((halfpair + 64) >> 2) & 63);
				*t++ = 0x80 + ((c >> 6) & 15) + ((halfpair & 3) << 4);
				*t++ = 0x80 + (c & 63);
				halfpair = 0;
			} else 
				goto fail;
		} else if (c < 0x80) {
			*t++ = c;
	    	} else {
			if (c < 0x800) {
			   	*t++ = (0xc0 | ((c >> 6) & 0x3f));
			        *t++ = 0x80 | (c & 0x3f);
			} else if (c < 0xd800) {
			   	*t++ = 0xe0 | (c >> 12);
			   	*t++ = 0x80 | ((c >> 6) & 0x3f);
		        	*t++ = 0x80 | (c & 0x3f);
			} else if (c < 0xdc00)
				halfpair = c;
			else if (c >= 0xe000) {
				*t++ = 0xe0 | (c >> 12);
				*t++ = 0x80 | ((c >> 6) & 0x3f);
			        *t++ = 0x80 | (c & 0x3f);
			} else 
				goto fail;
	        }
	}
	*t = '\0';
	
#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__DARWIN__)
#ifdef ENABLE_NFCONV
	if(nfconvert_utf8 && (t - *outs) > 0) {
		char *new_outs = NULL;
		int new_outs_len = ntfs_macosx_normalize_utf8(*outs, &new_outs, 0); // Normalize to decomposed form
		if(new_outs_len >= 0 && new_outs != NULL) {
			if(original_outs_value != *outs) {
				// We have allocated outs ourselves.
				free(*outs);
				*outs = new_outs;
				t = *outs + new_outs_len;
			}
			else {
				// We need to copy new_outs into the fixed outs buffer.
				memset(*outs, 0, original_outs_len);
				strncpy(*outs, new_outs, original_outs_len-1);
				t = *outs + original_outs_len;
				free(new_outs);
			}
		}
		else {
			ntfs_log_error("Failed to normalize NTFS string to UTF-8 NFD: %s\n", *outs);
			ntfs_log_error("  new_outs=0x%p\n", new_outs);
			ntfs_log_error("  new_outs_len=%d\n", new_outs_len);
		}
	}
#endif /* ENABLE_NFCONV */
#endif /* defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__DARWIN__) */
	
	ret = t - *outs;
out:
	return ret;
fail:
	errno = EILSEQ;
	goto out;
}

/* 
 * Return the amount of 16-bit elements in UTF-16LE needed 
 * (without the terminating null) to store given UTF-8 string.
 *
 * Return -1 with errno set if it's longer than PATH_MAX or string is invalid.
 *
 * Note: This does not check whether the input sequence is a valid utf8 string,
 *	 and should be used only in context where such check is made!
 */
static int utf8_to_utf16_size(const char *s)
{
	int ret = -1;
	unsigned int byte;
	size_t count = 0;

	while ((byte = *((const unsigned char *)s++))) {
		if (++count >= PATH_MAX) 
			goto fail;
		if (byte >= 0xc0) {
			if (byte >= 0xF5) {
				errno = EILSEQ;
				goto out;
			}
			if (!*s) 
				break;
			if (byte >= 0xC0) 
				s++;
			if (!*s) 
				break;
			if (byte >= 0xE0) 
				s++;
			if (!*s) 
				break;
			if (byte >= 0xF0) {
				s++;
				if (++count >= PATH_MAX)
					goto fail;
			}
		}
	}
	ret = count;
out:
	return ret;
fail:
	errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
	goto out;
}
/* 
 * This converts one UTF-8 sequence to cpu-endian Unicode value
 * within range U+0 .. U+10ffff and excluding U+D800 .. U+DFFF
 *
 * Return the number of used utf8 bytes or -1 with errno set 
 * if sequence is invalid.
 */
static int utf8_to_unicode(u32 *wc, const char *s)
{
    	unsigned int byte = *((const unsigned char *)s);

					/* single byte */
	if (byte == 0) {
		*wc = (u32) 0;
		return 0;
	} else if (byte < 0x80) {
		*wc = (u32) byte;
		return 1;
					/* double byte */
	} else if (byte < 0xc2) {
		goto fail;
	} else if (byte < 0xE0) {
		if ((s[1] & 0xC0) == 0x80) {
			*wc = ((u32)(byte & 0x1F) << 6)
			    | ((u32)(s[1] & 0x3F));
			return 2;
		} else
			goto fail;
					/* three-byte */
	} else if (byte < 0xF0) {
		if (((s[1] & 0xC0) == 0x80) && ((s[2] & 0xC0) == 0x80)) {
			*wc = ((u32)(byte & 0x0F) << 12)
			    | ((u32)(s[1] & 0x3F) << 6)
			    | ((u32)(s[2] & 0x3F));
			/* Check valid ranges */
#if NOREVBOM
			if (((*wc >= 0x800) && (*wc <= 0xD7FF))
			  || ((*wc >= 0xe000) && (*wc <= 0xFFFD)))
				return 3;
#else
			if (((*wc >= 0x800) && (*wc <= 0xD7FF))
			  || ((*wc >= 0xe000) && (*wc <= 0xFFFF)))
				return 3;
#endif
		}
		goto fail;
					/* four-byte */
	} else if (byte < 0xF5) {
		if (((s[1] & 0xC0) == 0x80) && ((s[2] & 0xC0) == 0x80)
		  && ((s[3] & 0xC0) == 0x80)) {
			*wc = ((u32)(byte & 0x07) << 18)
			    | ((u32)(s[1] & 0x3F) << 12)
			    | ((u32)(s[2] & 0x3F) << 6)
			    | ((u32)(s[3] & 0x3F));
			/* Check valid ranges */
			if ((*wc <= 0x10ffff) && (*wc >= 0x10000))
				return 4;
		}
		goto fail;
	}
fail:
	errno = EILSEQ;
	return -1;
}

/**
 * ntfs_utf8_to_utf16 - convert a UTF-8 string to a UTF-16LE string
 * @ins:	input multibyte string buffer
 * @outs:	on return contains the (allocated) output utf16 string
 * @outs_len:	length of output buffer in utf16 characters
 * 
 * Return -1 with errno set.
 */
static int ntfs_utf8_to_utf16(const char *ins, ntfschar **outs)
{
#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__DARWIN__)
#ifdef ENABLE_NFCONV
	char *new_ins = NULL;
	if(nfconvert_utf8) {
		int new_ins_len;
		new_ins_len = ntfs_macosx_normalize_utf8(ins, &new_ins, 1); // Normalize to composed form
		if(new_ins_len >= 0)
			ins = new_ins;
		else
			ntfs_log_error("Failed to normalize NTFS string to UTF-8 NFC: %s\n", ins);
	}
#endif /* ENABLE_NFCONV */
#endif /* defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__DARWIN__) */
	const char *t = ins;
	u32 wc;
	BOOL allocated;
	ntfschar *outpos;
	int shorts, ret = -1;

	shorts = utf8_to_utf16_size(ins);
	if (shorts < 0)
		goto fail;

	allocated = FALSE;
	if (!*outs) {
		*outs = ntfs_malloc((shorts + 1) * sizeof(ntfschar));
		if (!*outs)
			goto fail;
		allocated = TRUE;
	}

	outpos = *outs;

	while(1) {
		int m  = utf8_to_unicode(&wc, t);
		if (m <= 0) {
			if (m < 0) {
				/* do not leave space allocated if failed */
				if (allocated) {
					free(*outs);
					*outs = (ntfschar*)NULL;
				}
				goto fail;
			}
			*outpos++ = const_cpu_to_le16(0);
			break;
		}
		if (wc < 0x10000)
			*outpos++ = cpu_to_le16(wc);
		else {
			wc -= 0x10000;
			*outpos++ = cpu_to_le16((wc >> 10) + 0xd800);
			*outpos++ = cpu_to_le16((wc & 0x3ff) + 0xdc00);
		}
		t += m;
	}
	
	ret = --outpos - *outs;
fail:
#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__DARWIN__)
#ifdef ENABLE_NFCONV
	if(new_ins != NULL)
		free(new_ins);
#endif /* ENABLE_NFCONV */
#endif /* defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__DARWIN__) */
	return ret;
}

/**
 * ntfs_ucstombs - convert a little endian Unicode string to a multibyte string
 * @ins:	input Unicode string buffer
 * @ins_len:	length of input string in Unicode characters
 * @outs:	on return contains the (allocated) output multibyte string
 * @outs_len:	length of output buffer in bytes
 *
 * Convert the input little endian, 2-byte Unicode string @ins, of length
 * @ins_len into the multibyte string format dictated by the current locale.
 *
 * If *@outs is NULL, the function allocates the string and the caller is
 * responsible for calling free(*@outs); when finished with it.
 *
 * On success the function returns the number of bytes written to the output
 * string *@outs (>= 0), not counting the terminating NULL byte. If the output
 * string buffer was allocated, *@outs is set to it.
 *
 * On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set to the error code. The following
 * error codes can be expected:
 *	EINVAL		Invalid arguments (e.g. @ins or @outs is NULL).
 *	EILSEQ		The input string cannot be represented as a multibyte
 *			sequence according to the current locale.
 *	ENAMETOOLONG	Destination buffer is too small for input string.
 *	ENOMEM		Not enough memory to allocate destination buffer.
 */
int ntfs_ucstombs(const ntfschar *ins, const int ins_len, char **outs,
		int outs_len)
{
	char *mbs;
	int mbs_len;
#ifdef MB_CUR_MAX
	wchar_t wc;
	int i, o;
	int cnt = 0;
#ifdef HAVE_MBSINIT
	mbstate_t mbstate;
#endif
#endif /* MB_CUR_MAX */

	if (!ins || !outs) {
		errno = EINVAL;
		return -1;
	}
	mbs = *outs;
	mbs_len = outs_len;
	if (mbs && !mbs_len) {
		errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
		return -1;
	}
	if (use_utf8)
		return ntfs_utf16_to_utf8(ins, ins_len, outs, outs_len);
#ifdef MB_CUR_MAX
	if (!mbs) {
		mbs_len = (ins_len + 1) * MB_CUR_MAX;
		mbs = ntfs_malloc(mbs_len);
		if (!mbs)
			return -1;
	}
#ifdef HAVE_MBSINIT
	memset(&mbstate, 0, sizeof(mbstate));
#else
	wctomb(NULL, 0);
#endif
	for (i = o = 0; i < ins_len; i++) {
		/* Reallocate memory if necessary or abort. */
		if ((int)(o + MB_CUR_MAX) > mbs_len) {
			char *tc;
			if (mbs == *outs) {
				errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
				return -1;
			}
			tc = ntfs_malloc((mbs_len + 64) & ~63);
			if (!tc)
				goto err_out;
			memcpy(tc, mbs, mbs_len);
			mbs_len = (mbs_len + 64) & ~63;
			free(mbs);
			mbs = tc;
		}
		/* Convert the LE Unicode character to a CPU wide character. */
		wc = (wchar_t)le16_to_cpu(ins[i]);
		if (!wc)
			break;
		/* Convert the CPU endian wide character to multibyte. */
#ifdef HAVE_MBSINIT
		cnt = wcrtomb(mbs + o, wc, &mbstate);
#else
		cnt = wctomb(mbs + o, wc);
#endif
		if (cnt == -1)
			goto err_out;
		if (cnt <= 0) {
			ntfs_log_debug("Eeek. cnt <= 0, cnt = %i\n", cnt);
			errno = EINVAL;
			goto err_out;
		}
		o += cnt;
	}
#ifdef HAVE_MBSINIT
	/* Make sure we are back in the initial state. */
	if (!mbsinit(&mbstate)) {
		ntfs_log_debug("Eeek. mbstate not in initial state!\n");
		errno = EILSEQ;
		goto err_out;
	}
#endif
	/* Now write the NULL character. */
	mbs[o] = '\0';
	if (*outs != mbs)
		*outs = mbs;
	return o;
err_out:
	if (mbs != *outs) {
		int eo = errno;
		free(mbs);
		errno = eo;
	}
#else /* MB_CUR_MAX */
	errno = EILSEQ;
#endif /* MB_CUR_MAX */
	return -1;
}

/**
 * ntfs_mbstoucs - convert a multibyte string to a little endian Unicode string
 * @ins:	input multibyte string buffer
 * @outs:	on return contains the (allocated) output Unicode string
 *
 * Convert the input multibyte string @ins, from the current locale into the
 * corresponding little endian, 2-byte Unicode string.
 *
 * The function allocates the string and the caller is responsible for calling 
 * free(*@outs); when finished with it.
 *
 * On success the function returns the number of Unicode characters written to
 * the output string *@outs (>= 0), not counting the terminating Unicode NULL
 * character.
 *
 * On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set to the error code. The following
 * error codes can be expected:
 *	EINVAL		Invalid arguments (e.g. @ins or @outs is NULL).
 *	EILSEQ		The input string cannot be represented as a Unicode
 *			string according to the current locale.
 *	ENAMETOOLONG	Destination buffer is too small for input string.
 *	ENOMEM		Not enough memory to allocate destination buffer.
 */
int ntfs_mbstoucs(const char *ins, ntfschar **outs)
{
#ifdef MB_CUR_MAX
	ntfschar *ucs;
	const char *s;
	wchar_t wc;
	int i, o, cnt, ins_len, ucs_len, ins_size;
#ifdef HAVE_MBSINIT
	mbstate_t mbstate;
#endif
#endif /* MB_CUR_MAX */

	if (!ins || !outs) {
		errno = EINVAL;
		return -1;
	}
	
	if (use_utf8)
		return ntfs_utf8_to_utf16(ins, outs);

#ifdef MB_CUR_MAX
	/* Determine the size of the multi-byte string in bytes. */
	ins_size = strlen(ins);
	/* Determine the length of the multi-byte string. */
	s = ins;
#if defined(HAVE_MBSINIT)
	memset(&mbstate, 0, sizeof(mbstate));
	ins_len = mbsrtowcs(NULL, (const char **)&s, 0, &mbstate);
#ifdef __CYGWIN32__
	if (!ins_len && *ins) {
		/* Older Cygwin had broken mbsrtowcs() implementation. */
		ins_len = strlen(ins);
	}
#endif
#elif !defined(DJGPP)
	ins_len = mbstowcs(NULL, s, 0);
#else
	/* Eeek!!! DJGPP has broken mbstowcs() implementation!!! */
	ins_len = strlen(ins);
#endif
	if (ins_len == -1)
		return ins_len;
#ifdef HAVE_MBSINIT
	if ((s != ins) || !mbsinit(&mbstate)) {
#else
	if (s != ins) {
#endif
		errno = EILSEQ;
		return -1;
	}
	/* Add the NULL terminator. */
	ins_len++;
	ucs_len = ins_len;
	ucs = ntfs_malloc(ucs_len * sizeof(ntfschar));
	if (!ucs)
		return -1;
#ifdef HAVE_MBSINIT
	memset(&mbstate, 0, sizeof(mbstate));
#else
	mbtowc(NULL, NULL, 0);
#endif
	for (i = o = cnt = 0; i < ins_size; i += cnt, o++) {
		/* Reallocate memory if necessary. */
		if (o >= ucs_len) {
			ntfschar *tc;
			ucs_len = (ucs_len * sizeof(ntfschar) + 64) & ~63;
			tc = realloc(ucs, ucs_len);
			if (!tc)
				goto err_out;
			ucs = tc;
			ucs_len /= sizeof(ntfschar);
		}
		/* Convert the multibyte character to a wide character. */
#ifdef HAVE_MBSINIT
		cnt = mbrtowc(&wc, ins + i, ins_size - i, &mbstate);
#else
		cnt = mbtowc(&wc, ins + i, ins_size - i);
#endif
		if (!cnt)
			break;
		if (cnt == -1)
			goto err_out;
		if (cnt < -1) {
			ntfs_log_trace("Eeek. cnt = %i\n", cnt);
			errno = EINVAL;
			goto err_out;
		}
		/* Make sure we are not overflowing the NTFS Unicode set. */
		if ((unsigned long)wc >= (unsigned long)(1 <<
				(8 * sizeof(ntfschar)))) {
			errno = EILSEQ;
			goto err_out;
		}
		/* Convert the CPU wide character to a LE Unicode character. */
		ucs[o] = cpu_to_le16(wc);
	}
#ifdef HAVE_MBSINIT
	/* Make sure we are back in the initial state. */
	if (!mbsinit(&mbstate)) {
		ntfs_log_trace("Eeek. mbstate not in initial state!\n");
		errno = EILSEQ;
		goto err_out;
	}
#endif
	/* Now write the NULL character. */
	ucs[o] = cpu_to_le16(L'\0');
	*outs = ucs;
	return o;
err_out:
	free(ucs);
#else /* MB_CUR_MAX */
	errno = EILSEQ;
#endif /* MB_CUR_MAX */
	return -1;
}

/*
 *		Turn a UTF8 name uppercase
 *
 *	Returns an allocated uppercase name which has to be freed by caller
 *	or NULL if there is an error (described by errno)
 */

char *ntfs_uppercase_mbs(const char *low,
			const ntfschar *upcase, u32 upcase_size)
{
	int size;
	char *upp;
	u32 wc;
	int n;
	const char *s;
	char *t;

	size = strlen(low);
	upp = (char*)ntfs_malloc(3*size + 1);
	if (upp) {
		s = low;
		t = upp;
		do {
			n = utf8_to_unicode(&wc, s);
			if (n > 0) {
				if (wc < upcase_size)
					wc = le16_to_cpu(upcase[wc]);
				if (wc < 0x80)
					*t++ = wc;
				else if (wc < 0x800) {
					*t++ = (0xc0 | ((wc >> 6) & 0x3f));
					*t++ = 0x80 | (wc & 0x3f);
				} else if (wc < 0x10000) {
					*t++ = 0xe0 | (wc >> 12);
					*t++ = 0x80 | ((wc >> 6) & 0x3f);
					*t++ = 0x80 | (wc & 0x3f);
				} else {
					*t++ = 0xf0 | ((wc >> 18) & 7);
					*t++ = 0x80 | ((wc >> 12) & 63);
					*t++ = 0x80 | ((wc >> 6) & 0x3f);
					*t++ = 0x80 | (wc & 0x3f);
				}
			s += n;
			}
		} while (n > 0);
		if (n < 0) {
			free(upp);
			upp = (char*)NULL;
			errno = EILSEQ;
		}
		*t = 0;
	}
	return (upp);
}

/**
 * ntfs_upcase_table_build - build the default upcase table for NTFS
 * @uc:		destination buffer where to store the built table
 * @uc_len:	size of destination buffer in bytes
 *
 * ntfs_upcase_table_build() builds the default upcase table for NTFS and
 * stores it in the caller supplied buffer @uc of size @uc_len.
 *
 * Note, @uc_len must be at least 128kiB in size or bad things will happen!
 */
void ntfs_upcase_table_build(ntfschar *uc, u32 uc_len)
{
#if 1 /* Vista */
	/*
	 *	This is the table as defined by Vista
	 */
	/*
	 * "Start" is inclusive and "End" is exclusive, every value has the
	 * value of "Add" added to it.
	 */
	static int uc_run_table[][3] = { /* Start, End, Add */
	{0x0061, 0x007b,   -32}, {0x00e0, 0x00f7,  -32}, {0x00f8, 0x00ff, -32}, 
	{0x0256, 0x0258,  -205}, {0x028a, 0x028c, -217}, {0x037b, 0x037e, 130}, 
	{0x03ac, 0x03ad,   -38}, {0x03ad, 0x03b0,  -37}, {0x03b1, 0x03c2, -32},
	{0x03c2, 0x03c3,   -31}, {0x03c3, 0x03cc,  -32}, {0x03cc, 0x03cd, -64},
	{0x03cd, 0x03cf,   -63}, {0x0430, 0x0450,  -32}, {0x0450, 0x0460, -80},
	{0x0561, 0x0587,   -48}, {0x1f00, 0x1f08,    8}, {0x1f10, 0x1f16,   8},
	{0x1f20, 0x1f28,     8}, {0x1f30, 0x1f38,    8}, {0x1f40, 0x1f46,   8},
	{0x1f51, 0x1f52,     8}, {0x1f53, 0x1f54,    8}, {0x1f55, 0x1f56,   8},
	{0x1f57, 0x1f58,     8}, {0x1f60, 0x1f68,    8}, {0x1f70, 0x1f72,  74},
	{0x1f72, 0x1f76,    86}, {0x1f76, 0x1f78,  100}, {0x1f78, 0x1f7a, 128},
	{0x1f7a, 0x1f7c,   112}, {0x1f7c, 0x1f7e,  126}, {0x1f80, 0x1f88,   8},
	{0x1f90, 0x1f98,     8}, {0x1fa0, 0x1fa8,    8}, {0x1fb0, 0x1fb2,   8},
	{0x1fb3, 0x1fb4,     9}, {0x1fcc, 0x1fcd,   -9}, {0x1fd0, 0x1fd2,   8},
	{0x1fe0, 0x1fe2,     8}, {0x1fe5, 0x1fe6,    7}, {0x1ffc, 0x1ffd,  -9},
	{0x2170, 0x2180,   -16}, {0x24d0, 0x24ea,  -26}, {0x2c30, 0x2c5f, -48},
	{0x2d00, 0x2d26, -7264}, {0xff41, 0xff5b,  -32}, {0}
	};
	/*
	 * "Start" is exclusive and "End" is inclusive, every second value is
	 * decremented by one.
	 */
	static int uc_dup_table[][2] = { /* Start, End */
	{0x0100, 0x012f}, {0x0132, 0x0137}, {0x0139, 0x0149}, {0x014a, 0x0178},
	{0x0179, 0x017e}, {0x01a0, 0x01a6}, {0x01b3, 0x01b7}, {0x01cd, 0x01dd},
	{0x01de, 0x01ef}, {0x01f4, 0x01f5}, {0x01f8, 0x01f9}, {0x01fa, 0x0220},
	{0x0222, 0x0234}, {0x023b, 0x023c}, {0x0241, 0x0242}, {0x0246, 0x024f},
	{0x03d8, 0x03ef}, {0x03f7, 0x03f8}, {0x03fa, 0x03fb}, {0x0460, 0x0481},
	{0x048a, 0x04bf}, {0x04c1, 0x04c4}, {0x04c5, 0x04c8}, {0x04c9, 0x04ce},
	{0x04ec, 0x04ed}, {0x04d0, 0x04eb}, {0x04ee, 0x04f5}, {0x04f6, 0x0513},
	{0x1e00, 0x1e95}, {0x1ea0, 0x1ef9}, {0x2183, 0x2184}, {0x2c60, 0x2c61},
	{0x2c67, 0x2c6c}, {0x2c75, 0x2c76}, {0x2c80, 0x2ce3}, {0}
	};
	/*
	 * Set the Unicode character at offset "Offset" to "Value".  Note,
	 * "Value" is host endian.
	 */
	static int uc_byte_table[][2] = { /* Offset, Value */
	{0x00ff, 0x0178}, {0x0180, 0x0243}, {0x0183, 0x0182}, {0x0185, 0x0184},
	{0x0188, 0x0187}, {0x018c, 0x018b}, {0x0192, 0x0191}, {0x0195, 0x01f6},
	{0x0199, 0x0198}, {0x019a, 0x023d}, {0x019e, 0x0220}, {0x01a8, 0x01a7},
	{0x01ad, 0x01ac}, {0x01b0, 0x01af}, {0x01b9, 0x01b8}, {0x01bd, 0x01bc},
	{0x01bf, 0x01f7}, {0x01c6, 0x01c4}, {0x01c9, 0x01c7}, {0x01cc, 0x01ca},
	{0x01dd, 0x018e}, {0x01f3, 0x01f1}, {0x023a, 0x2c65}, {0x023e, 0x2c66},
	{0x0253, 0x0181}, {0x0254, 0x0186}, {0x0259, 0x018f}, {0x025b, 0x0190},
	{0x0260, 0x0193}, {0x0263, 0x0194}, {0x0268, 0x0197}, {0x0269, 0x0196},
	{0x026b, 0x2c62}, {0x026f, 0x019c}, {0x0272, 0x019d}, {0x0275, 0x019f},
	{0x027d, 0x2c64}, {0x0280, 0x01a6}, {0x0283, 0x01a9}, {0x0288, 0x01ae},
	{0x0289, 0x0244}, {0x028c, 0x0245}, {0x0292, 0x01b7}, {0x03f2, 0x03f9},
	{0x04cf, 0x04c0}, {0x1d7d, 0x2c63}, {0x214e, 0x2132}, {0}
	};
#else /* Vista */
	/*
	 *	This is the table as defined by Windows XP
	 */
	static int uc_run_table[][3] = { /* Start, End, Add */
	{0x0061, 0x007B,  -32}, {0x0451, 0x045D, -80}, {0x1F70, 0x1F72,  74},
	{0x00E0, 0x00F7,  -32}, {0x045E, 0x0460, -80}, {0x1F72, 0x1F76,  86},
	{0x00F8, 0x00FF,  -32}, {0x0561, 0x0587, -48}, {0x1F76, 0x1F78, 100},
	{0x0256, 0x0258, -205}, {0x1F00, 0x1F08,   8}, {0x1F78, 0x1F7A, 128},
	{0x028A, 0x028C, -217}, {0x1F10, 0x1F16,   8}, {0x1F7A, 0x1F7C, 112},
	{0x03AC, 0x03AD,  -38}, {0x1F20, 0x1F28,   8}, {0x1F7C, 0x1F7E, 126},
	{0x03AD, 0x03B0,  -37}, {0x1F30, 0x1F38,   8}, {0x1FB0, 0x1FB2,   8},
	{0x03B1, 0x03C2,  -32}, {0x1F40, 0x1F46,   8}, {0x1FD0, 0x1FD2,   8},
	{0x03C2, 0x03C3,  -31}, {0x1F51, 0x1F52,   8}, {0x1FE0, 0x1FE2,   8},
	{0x03C3, 0x03CC,  -32}, {0x1F53, 0x1F54,   8}, {0x1FE5, 0x1FE6,   7},
	{0x03CC, 0x03CD,  -64}, {0x1F55, 0x1F56,   8}, {0x2170, 0x2180, -16},
	{0x03CD, 0x03CF,  -63}, {0x1F57, 0x1F58,   8}, {0x24D0, 0x24EA, -26},
	{0x0430, 0x0450,  -32}, {0x1F60, 0x1F68,   8}, {0xFF41, 0xFF5B, -32},
	{0}
	};
	static int uc_dup_table[][2] = { /* Start, End */
	{0x0100, 0x012F}, {0x01A0, 0x01A6}, {0x03E2, 0x03EF}, {0x04CB, 0x04CC},
	{0x0132, 0x0137}, {0x01B3, 0x01B7}, {0x0460, 0x0481}, {0x04D0, 0x04EB},
	{0x0139, 0x0149}, {0x01CD, 0x01DD}, {0x0490, 0x04BF}, {0x04EE, 0x04F5},
	{0x014A, 0x0178}, {0x01DE, 0x01EF}, {0x04BF, 0x04BF}, {0x04F8, 0x04F9},
	{0x0179, 0x017E}, {0x01F4, 0x01F5}, {0x04C1, 0x04C4}, {0x1E00, 0x1E95},
	{0x018B, 0x018B}, {0x01FA, 0x0218}, {0x04C7, 0x04C8}, {0x1EA0, 0x1EF9},
	{0}
	};
	static int uc_byte_table[][2] = { /* Offset, Value */
	{0x00FF, 0x0178}, {0x01AD, 0x01AC}, {0x01F3, 0x01F1}, {0x0269, 0x0196},
	{0x0183, 0x0182}, {0x01B0, 0x01AF}, {0x0253, 0x0181}, {0x026F, 0x019C},
	{0x0185, 0x0184}, {0x01B9, 0x01B8}, {0x0254, 0x0186}, {0x0272, 0x019D},
	{0x0188, 0x0187}, {0x01BD, 0x01BC}, {0x0259, 0x018F}, {0x0275, 0x019F},
	{0x018C, 0x018B}, {0x01C6, 0x01C4}, {0x025B, 0x0190}, {0x0283, 0x01A9},
	{0x0192, 0x0191}, {0x01C9, 0x01C7}, {0x0260, 0x0193}, {0x0288, 0x01AE},
	{0x0199, 0x0198}, {0x01CC, 0x01CA}, {0x0263, 0x0194}, {0x0292, 0x01B7},
	{0x01A8, 0x01A7}, {0x01DD, 0x018E}, {0x0268, 0x0197},
	{0}
	};
#endif /* Vista */
	int i, r;
	int k, off;

	memset((char*)uc, 0, uc_len);
	uc_len >>= 1;
	if (uc_len > 65536)
		uc_len = 65536;
	for (i = 0; (u32)i < uc_len; i++)
		uc[i] = cpu_to_le16(i);
	for (r = 0; uc_run_table[r][0]; r++) {
		off = uc_run_table[r][2];
		for (i = uc_run_table[r][0]; i < uc_run_table[r][1]; i++)
			uc[i] = cpu_to_le16(i + off);
	}
	for (r = 0; uc_dup_table[r][0]; r++)
		for (i = uc_dup_table[r][0]; i < uc_dup_table[r][1]; i += 2)
			uc[i + 1] = cpu_to_le16(i);
	for (r = 0; uc_byte_table[r][0]; r++) {
		k = uc_byte_table[r][1];
		uc[uc_byte_table[r][0]] = cpu_to_le16(k);
	}
}

/*
 *		Allocate and build the default upcase table
 *
 *	Returns the number of entries
 *		0 if failed
 */

#define UPCASE_LEN 65536 /* default number of entries in upcase */

u32 ntfs_upcase_build_default(ntfschar **upcase)
{
	u32 upcase_len = 0;

	*upcase = (ntfschar*)ntfs_malloc(UPCASE_LEN*2);
	if (*upcase) {
		ntfs_upcase_table_build(*upcase, UPCASE_LEN*2);
		upcase_len = UPCASE_LEN;
	}
	return (upcase_len);
}

/*
 *		Build a table for converting to lower case
 *
 *	This is only meaningful when there is a single lower case
 *	character leading to an upper case one, and currently the
 *	only exception is the greek letter sigma which has a single
 *	upper case glyph (code U+03A3), but two lower case glyphs
 *	(code U+03C3 and U+03C2, the latter to be used at the end
 *	of a word). In the following implementation the upper case
 *	sigma will be lowercased as U+03C3.
 */

ntfschar *ntfs_locase_table_build(const ntfschar *uc, u32 uc_cnt)
{
	ntfschar *lc;
	u32 upp;
	u32 i;

	lc = (ntfschar*)ntfs_malloc(uc_cnt*sizeof(ntfschar));
	if (lc) {
		for (i=0; i<uc_cnt; i++)
			lc[i] = cpu_to_le16(i);
		for (i=0; i<uc_cnt; i++) {
			upp = le16_to_cpu(uc[i]);
			if ((upp != i) && (upp < uc_cnt))
				lc[upp] = cpu_to_le16(i);
		}
	} else
		ntfs_log_error("Could not build the locase table\n");
	return (lc);
}

/**
 * ntfs_str2ucs - convert a string to a valid NTFS file name
 * @s:		input string
 * @len:	length of output buffer in Unicode characters
 *
 * Convert the input @s string into the corresponding little endian,
 * 2-byte Unicode string. The length of the converted string is less 
 * or equal to the maximum length allowed by the NTFS format (255).
 *
 * If @s is NULL then return AT_UNNAMED.
 *
 * On success the function returns the Unicode string in an allocated 
 * buffer and the caller is responsible to free it when it's not needed
 * anymore.
 *
 * On error NULL is returned and errno is set to the error code.
 */
ntfschar *ntfs_str2ucs(const char *s, int *len)
{
	ntfschar *ucs = NULL;

	if (s && ((*len = ntfs_mbstoucs(s, &ucs)) == -1)) {
		ntfs_log_perror("Couldn't convert '%s' to Unicode", s);
		return NULL;
	}
	if (*len > NTFS_MAX_NAME_LEN) {
		free(ucs);
		errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
		return NULL;
	}
	if (!ucs || !*len) {
		ucs  = AT_UNNAMED;
		*len = 0;
	}
	return ucs;
}

/**
 * ntfs_ucsfree - free memory allocated by ntfs_str2ucs()
 * @ucs		input string to be freed
 *
 * Free memory at @ucs and which was allocated by ntfs_str2ucs.
 *
 * Return value: none.
 */
void ntfs_ucsfree(ntfschar *ucs)
{
	if (ucs && (ucs != AT_UNNAMED))
		free(ucs);
}

/*
 *		Check whether a name contains no chars forbidden
 *	for DOS or Win32 use
 *
 *	If there is a bad char, errno is set to EINVAL
 */

BOOL ntfs_forbidden_chars(const ntfschar *name, int len)
{
	BOOL forbidden;
	int ch;
	int i;
	u32 mainset =     (1L << ('\"' - 0x20))
			| (1L << ('*' - 0x20))
			| (1L << ('/' - 0x20))
			| (1L << (':' - 0x20))
			| (1L << ('<' - 0x20))
			| (1L << ('>' - 0x20))
			| (1L << ('?' - 0x20));

	forbidden = (len == 0)
			|| (le16_to_cpu(name[len-1]) == ' ')
			|| (le16_to_cpu(name[len-1]) == '.');
	for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
		ch = le16_to_cpu(name[i]);
		if ((ch < 0x20)
		    || ((ch < 0x40)
			&& ((1L << (ch - 0x20)) & mainset))
		    || (ch == '\\')
		    || (ch == '|'))
			forbidden = TRUE;
	}
	if (forbidden)
		errno = EINVAL;
	return (forbidden);
}

/*
 *		Check whether the same name can be used as a DOS and
 *	a Win32 name
 *
 *	The names must be the same, or the short name the uppercase
 *	variant of the long name
 */

BOOL ntfs_collapsible_chars(ntfs_volume *vol,
			const ntfschar *shortname, int shortlen,
			const ntfschar *longname, int longlen)
{
	BOOL collapsible;
	unsigned int ch;
	unsigned int cs;
	int i;

	collapsible = shortlen == longlen;
	for (i=0; collapsible && (i<shortlen); i++) {
		ch = le16_to_cpu(longname[i]);
		cs = le16_to_cpu(shortname[i]);
		if ((cs != ch)
		    && ((ch >= vol->upcase_len)
			|| (cs >= vol->upcase_len)
			|| (vol->upcase[cs] != vol->upcase[ch])))
				collapsible = FALSE;
	}
	return (collapsible);
}

/*
 * Define the character encoding to be used.
 * Use UTF-8 unless specified otherwise.
 */

int ntfs_set_char_encoding(const char *locale)
{
	use_utf8 = 0;
	if (!locale || strstr(locale,"utf8") || strstr(locale,"UTF8")
	    || strstr(locale,"utf-8") || strstr(locale,"UTF-8"))
		use_utf8 = 1;
	else
		if (setlocale(LC_ALL, locale))
			use_utf8 = 0;
		else {
			ntfs_log_error("Invalid locale, encoding to UTF-8\n");
			use_utf8 = 1;
	 	}
	return 0; /* always successful */
}

#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__DARWIN__)

int ntfs_macosx_normalize_filenames(int normalize) {
#ifdef ENABLE_NFCONV
	if(normalize == 0 || normalize == 1) {
		nfconvert_utf8 = normalize;
		return 0;
	}
	else
		return -1;
#else
	return -1;
#endif /* ENABLE_NFCONV */
} 

int ntfs_macosx_normalize_utf8(const char *utf8_string, char **target,
 int composed) {
#ifdef ENABLE_NFCONV
	/* For this code to compile, the CoreFoundation framework must be fed to the linker. */
	CFStringRef cfSourceString;
	CFMutableStringRef cfMutableString;
	CFRange rangeToProcess;
	CFIndex requiredBufferLength;
	char *result = NULL;
	int resultLength = -1;
	
	/* Convert the UTF-8 string to a CFString. */
	cfSourceString = CFStringCreateWithCString(kCFAllocatorDefault, utf8_string, kCFStringEncodingUTF8);
	if(cfSourceString == NULL) {
		ntfs_log_error("CFStringCreateWithCString failed!\n");
		return -2;
	}
	
	/* Create a mutable string from cfSourceString that we are free to modify. */
	cfMutableString = CFStringCreateMutableCopy(kCFAllocatorDefault, 0, cfSourceString);
	CFRelease(cfSourceString); /* End-of-life. */
	if(cfMutableString == NULL) {
		ntfs_log_error("CFStringCreateMutableCopy failed!\n");
		return -3;
	}
  
	/* Normalize the mutable string to the desired normalization form. */
	CFStringNormalize(cfMutableString, (composed != 0 ? kCFStringNormalizationFormC : kCFStringNormalizationFormD));
	
	/* Store the resulting string in a '\0'-terminated UTF-8 encoded char* buffer. */
	rangeToProcess = CFRangeMake(0, CFStringGetLength(cfMutableString));
	if(CFStringGetBytes(cfMutableString, rangeToProcess, kCFStringEncodingUTF8, 0, false, NULL, 0, &requiredBufferLength) > 0) {
		resultLength = sizeof(char)*(requiredBufferLength + 1);
		result = ntfs_calloc(resultLength);
		
		if(result != NULL) {
			if(CFStringGetBytes(cfMutableString, rangeToProcess, kCFStringEncodingUTF8,
					    0, false, (UInt8*)result, resultLength-1, &requiredBufferLength) <= 0) {
				ntfs_log_error("Could not perform UTF-8 conversion of normalized CFMutableString.\n");
				free(result);
				result = NULL;
			}
		}
		else
			ntfs_log_error("Could not perform a ntfs_calloc of %d bytes for char *result.\n", resultLength);
	}
	else
		ntfs_log_error("Could not perform check for required length of UTF-8 conversion of normalized CFMutableString.\n");

	
	CFRelease(cfMutableString);
	
	if(result != NULL) {
	 	*target = result;
		return resultLength - 1;
	}
	else
		return -1;
#else
	return -1;
#endif /* ENABLE_NFCONV */
}
#endif /* defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__DARWIN__) */