#include "elf.h" #include "utils.h" #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include constexpr auto DeflateMinSectionSize = 0x18u; constexpr auto CodeBaseAddress = 0x02000000u; constexpr auto DataBaseAddress = 0x10000000u; constexpr auto LoadBaseAddress = 0xC0000000u; struct ElfFile { struct Section { elf::SectionHeader header; std::string name; std::vector data; }; elf::Header header; std::vector> sections; }; static int getSectionIndex(ElfFile &file, const char *name) { int index = 0; for (const auto §ion : file.sections) { if (section->name == name) { return index; } ++index; } return -1; } static ElfFile::Section * getSectionByType(ElfFile &file, elf::SectionType type) { for (const auto §ion : file.sections) { if (section->header.type == type) { return section.get(); } } return nullptr; } static ElfFile::Section * getSectionByName(ElfFile &file, const char *name) { auto index = getSectionIndex(file, name); if (index == -1) { return nullptr; } return file.sections[index].get(); } // https://stackoverflow.com/a/16569749 template bool begins_with(const TContainer& input, const TContainer& match) { return input.size() >= match.size() && std::equal(match.begin(), match.end(), input.begin()); } /** * Read the .elf file generated by compiler. */ static bool readElf(ElfFile &file, const std::string &filename) { std::ifstream in { filename, std::ifstream::binary }; if (!in.is_open()) { fmt::print("Could not open {} for reading", filename); return false; } // Read header in.read(reinterpret_cast(&file.header), sizeof(elf::Header)); if (file.header.magic != elf::HeaderMagic) { fmt::print("Invalid ELF magic header {:08X}", elf::HeaderMagic); return false; } if (file.header.fileClass != elf::ELFCLASS32) { fmt::print("Unexpected ELF file class {}, expected {}", file.header.fileClass, elf::ELFCLASS32); return false; } if (file.header.encoding != elf::ELFDATA2MSB) { fmt::print("Unexpected ELF encoding {}, expected {}", file.header.encoding, elf::ELFDATA2MSB); return false; } if (file.header.machine != elf::EM_PPC) { fmt::print("Unexpected ELF machine type {}, expected {}", file.header.machine, elf::EM_PPC); return false; } if (file.header.elfVersion != elf::EV_CURRENT) { fmt::print("Unexpected ELF version {}, expected {}", file.header.elfVersion, elf::EV_CURRENT); return false; } // Read section headers and data in.seekg(static_cast(file.header.shoff)); for (auto i = 0u; i < file.header.shnum; ++i) { file.sections.emplace_back(std::make_unique()); auto §ion = *file.sections.back(); in.read(reinterpret_cast(§ion.header), sizeof(elf::SectionHeader)); if (!section.header.size || section.header.type == elf::SHT_NOBITS) { continue; } auto pos = in.tellg(); in.seekg(static_cast(section.header.offset)); section.data.resize(section.header.size); in.read(section.data.data(), section.data.size()); in.seekg(pos); } // Set section header names auto shStrTab = file.sections[file.header.shstrndx]->data.data(); for (auto §ion : file.sections) { section->name = shStrTab + section->header.name; } return true; } /** * Our linker script sometimes converts .bss from NOBITS to PROGBITS. */ static bool fixBssNoBits(ElfFile &file) { auto section = getSectionByName(file, ".bss"); if (!section) { return true; } // Ensure there is actually all 0 in the .bss section for (const auto c : section->data) { if (c) { return false; } } // Set type back to NOBITS section->header.type = elf::SHT_NOBITS; section->header.offset = 0u; section->data.clear(); return true; } /** * Reorder sections index. * * Expected order: * NULL section * >.syscall >.text * > .fexports * > .rodata > .data > .module_id > .bss * > .rela.fexports > .rela.text > .rela.rodata > .rela.data * > {.fimport, .dimport } * > .symtab > .strtab > .shstrtab */ static bool reorderSectionIndex(ElfFile &file) { // Create a map of new index -> old index std::vector sectionMap; sectionMap.push_back(0); if (auto index = getSectionIndex(file, ".syscall"); index != -1) { sectionMap.push_back(index); } if (auto index = getSectionIndex(file, ".text"); index != -1) { sectionMap.push_back(index); } if (auto index = getSectionIndex(file, ".fexports"); index != -1) { sectionMap.push_back(index); } if (auto index = getSectionIndex(file, ".rodata"); index != -1) { sectionMap.push_back(index); } if (auto index = getSectionIndex(file, ".data"); index != -1) { sectionMap.push_back(index); } if (auto index = getSectionIndex(file, ".module_id"); index != -1) { sectionMap.push_back(index); } if (auto index = getSectionIndex(file, ".bss"); index != -1) { sectionMap.push_back(index); } if (auto index = getSectionIndex(file, ".rela.fexports"); index != -1) { sectionMap.push_back(index); } if (auto index = getSectionIndex(file, ".rela.text"); index != -1) { sectionMap.push_back(index); } if (auto index = getSectionIndex(file, ".rela.rodata"); index != -1) { sectionMap.push_back(index); } if (auto index = getSectionIndex(file, ".rela.data"); index != -1) { sectionMap.push_back(index); } // All .fimport_ and .dimport_ for (auto index = 0u; index < file.sections.size(); ++index) { const auto §ion = file.sections[index]; if (begins_with(section->name, ".fimport_") || begins_with(section->name, ".dimport_")) { sectionMap.push_back(index); } } if (auto index = getSectionIndex(file, ".symtab"); index != -1) { sectionMap.push_back(index); } if (auto index = getSectionIndex(file, ".strtab"); index != -1) { sectionMap.push_back(index); } if (auto index = getSectionIndex(file, ".shstrtab"); index != -1) { sectionMap.push_back(index); } if (sectionMap.size() != file.sections.size()) { fmt::print("Invalid section in elf file"); return false; } // Apply the new ordering std::vector> newSections; for (auto idx : sectionMap) { newSections.emplace_back(std::move(file.sections[idx])); } file.sections = std::move(newSections); // Now generate a reverse map, old index -> new index std::vector mapOldToNew; mapOldToNew.resize(file.sections.size()); for (auto i = 0u; i < sectionMap.size(); ++i) { mapOldToNew[sectionMap[i]] = static_cast(i); } // Map file header.shstrndx file.header.shstrndx = mapOldToNew[file.header.shstrndx]; // Map section header.link for (auto §ion : file.sections) { section->header.link = mapOldToNew[section->header.link]; } // Map relocation sections header.info for (auto §ion : file.sections) { if (section->header.type != elf::SHT_RELA) { continue; } section->header.info = mapOldToNew[section->header.info]; } // Map symbol.shndx for (auto §ion : file.sections) { if (section->header.type != elf::SHT_SYMTAB) { continue; } auto symbols = reinterpret_cast(section->data.data()); auto numSymbols = section->data.size() / sizeof(elf::Symbol); for (auto i = 0u; i < numSymbols; ++i) { auto shndx = symbols[i].shndx; if (shndx < elf::SHN_LORESERVE) { symbols[i].shndx = mapOldToNew[shndx]; } } } return true; } /** * Generate SHT_RPL_FILEINFO section. */ static bool generateFileInfoSection(ElfFile &file) { elf::RplFileInfo info; info.version = 0xCAFE0402u; info.textSize = 0u; info.textAlign = 32u; info.dataSize = 0u; info.dataAlign = 4096u; info.loadSize = 0u; info.loadAlign = 4u; info.tempSize = 0u; info.trampAdjust = 0u; info.trampAddition = 0u; info.sdaBase = 0u; info.sda2Base = 0u; info.stackSize = 0x10000u; info.heapSize = 0x8000u; info.filename = 0u; info.flags = elf::RPL_IS_RPX; // TODO: Add .rpl support info.minVersion = 0x5078u; info.compressionLevel = -1; info.fileInfoPad = 0u; info.cafeSdkVersion = 0x51BAu; info.cafeSdkRevision = 0xCCD1u; info.tlsAlignShift = uint16_t { 0u }; info.tlsModuleIndex = uint16_t { 0u }; info.runtimeFileInfoSize = 0u; info.tagOffset = 0u; // Count file info textSize, dataSize, loadSize for (auto §ion : file.sections) { auto size = static_cast(section->data.size()); if (section->header.type == elf::SHT_NOBITS) { size = section->header.size; } if (section->header.addr >= CodeBaseAddress && section->header.addr < DataBaseAddress) { auto val = section->header.addr + section->header.size - CodeBaseAddress; if (val > info.textSize) { info.textSize = val; } } else if (section->header.addr >= DataBaseAddress && section->header.addr < LoadBaseAddress) { auto val = section->header.addr + section->header.size - DataBaseAddress; if (val > info.dataSize) { info.dataSize = val; } } else if (section->header.addr >= LoadBaseAddress) { auto val = section->header.addr + section->header.size - LoadBaseAddress; if (val > info.loadSize) { info.loadSize = val; } } else if (section->header.addr == 0 && section->header.type != elf::SHT_RPL_CRCS && section->header.type != elf::SHT_RPL_FILEINFO) { info.tempSize += (size + 128); } } info.textSize = align_up(info.textSize, info.textAlign); info.dataSize = align_up(info.dataSize, info.dataAlign); info.loadSize = align_up(info.loadSize, info.loadAlign); auto section = std::make_unique(); section->header.name = 0u; section->header.type = elf::SHT_RPL_FILEINFO; section->header.flags = 0u; section->header.addr = 0u; section->header.offset = 0u; section->header.size = 0u; section->header.link = 0u; section->header.info = 0u; section->header.addralign = 4u; section->header.entsize = 0u; section->data.insert(section->data.end(), reinterpret_cast(&info), reinterpret_cast(&info + 1)); file.sections.emplace_back(std::move(section)); return true; } /** * Generate SHT_RPL_CRCS section. */ static bool generateCrcSection(ElfFile &file) { std::vector> crcs; for (auto §ion : file.sections) { auto crc = uint32_t { 0u }; if (section->data.size()) { crc = crc32(0, Z_NULL, 0); crc = crc32(crc, reinterpret_cast(section->data.data()), section->data.size()); } crcs.push_back(crc); } // Insert a 0 crc for this section crcs.insert(crcs.end() - 1, 0); auto section = std::make_unique(); section->header.name = 0u; section->header.type = elf::SHT_RPL_CRCS; section->header.flags = 0u; section->header.addr = 0u; section->header.offset = 0u; section->header.size = 0u; section->header.link = 0u; section->header.info = 0u; section->header.addralign = 4u; section->header.entsize = 4u; section->data.insert(section->data.end(), reinterpret_cast(crcs.data()), reinterpret_cast(crcs.data() + crcs.size())); // Insert before FILEINFO file.sections.insert(file.sections.end() - 1, std::move(section)); return true; } static bool getSymbol(ElfFile::Section §ion, size_t index, elf::Symbol &symbol) { auto symbols = reinterpret_cast(section.data.data()); auto numSymbols = section.data.size() / sizeof(elf::Symbol); if (index >= numSymbols) { return false; } symbol = symbols[index]; return true; } /** * Fix relocations. * * The Wii U does not support every type of relocation. */ static bool fixRelocations(ElfFile &file) { std::set unsupportedTypes; auto result = true; for (auto §ion : file.sections) { std::vector newRelocations; if (section->header.type != elf::SHT_RELA) { continue; } // Clear flags section->header.flags = 0u; auto &symbolSection = file.sections[section->header.link]; auto &targetSection = file.sections[section->header.info]; auto rels = reinterpret_cast(section->data.data()); auto numRels = section->data.size() / sizeof(elf::Rela); for (auto i = 0u; i < numRels; ++i) { auto info = rels[i].info; auto addend = rels[i].addend; auto offset = rels[i].offset; auto index = info >> 8; auto type = info & 0xFF; switch (type) { case elf::R_PPC_NONE: case elf::R_PPC_ADDR32: case elf::R_PPC_ADDR16_LO: case elf::R_PPC_ADDR16_HI: case elf::R_PPC_ADDR16_HA: case elf::R_PPC_REL24: case elf::R_PPC_REL14: case elf::R_PPC_DTPMOD32: case elf::R_PPC_DTPREL32: case elf::R_PPC_EMB_SDA21: case elf::R_PPC_EMB_RELSDA: case elf::R_PPC_DIAB_SDA21_LO: case elf::R_PPC_DIAB_SDA21_HI: case elf::R_PPC_DIAB_SDA21_HA: case elf::R_PPC_DIAB_RELSDA_LO: case elf::R_PPC_DIAB_RELSDA_HI: case elf::R_PPC_DIAB_RELSDA_HA: // All valid relocations on Wii U, do nothing break; /* * Convert a R_PPC_REL32 into two GHS_REL16 */ case elf::R_PPC_REL32: { elf::Symbol symbol; if (!getSymbol(*symbolSection, index, symbol)) { fmt::print("ERROR: Could not find symbol {} for fixing a R_PPC_REL32 relocation", index); result = false; } else { newRelocations.emplace_back(); auto &newRel = newRelocations.back(); // Modify current relocation to R_PPC_GHS_REL16_HI rels[i].info = (index << 8) | elf::R_PPC_GHS_REL16_HI; rels[i].addend = addend; rels[i].offset = offset; // Create a R_PPC_GHS_REL16_LO newRel.info = (index << 8) | elf::R_PPC_GHS_REL16_LO; newRel.addend = addend + 2; newRel.offset = offset + 2; } break; } default: // Only print error once per type if (!unsupportedTypes.count(type)) { fmt::print("ERROR: Unsupported relocation type {}", type); unsupportedTypes.insert(type); } } } section->data.insert(section->data.end(), reinterpret_cast(newRelocations.data()), reinterpret_cast(newRelocations.data() + newRelocations.size())); } return result && unsupportedTypes.size() == 0; } /** * Fix file header to look like an RPL file! */ static bool fixFileHeader(ElfFile &file) { file.header.magic = elf::HeaderMagic; file.header.fileClass = uint8_t { 1 }; file.header.encoding = elf::ELFDATA2MSB; file.header.elfVersion = elf::EV_CURRENT; file.header.abi = elf::EABI_CAFE; memset(&file.header.pad, 0, 7); file.header.type = uint16_t { 0xFE01 }; file.header.machine = elf::EM_PPC; file.header.version = 1u; file.header.flags = 0u; file.header.phoff = 0u; file.header.phentsize = uint16_t { 0 }; file.header.phnum = uint16_t { 0 }; file.header.shoff = align_up(static_cast(sizeof(elf::Header)), 64); file.header.shnum = static_cast(file.sections.size()); file.header.shentsize = static_cast(sizeof(elf::SectionHeader)); file.header.ehsize = static_cast(sizeof(elf::Header)); file.header.shstrndx = static_cast(getSectionIndex(file, ".shstrtab")); return true; } /** * Fix the .addralign field for sections. */ static bool fixSectionAlign(ElfFile &file) { for (auto §ion : file.sections) { if (section->header.type == elf::SHT_PROGBITS) { section->header.addralign = 32u; } else if (section->header.type == elf::SHT_NOBITS) { section->header.addralign = 64u; } else if (section->header.type == elf::SHT_RPL_IMPORTS) { section->header.addralign = 4u; } } return true; } static bool relocateSection(ElfFile &file, ElfFile::Section §ion, uint32_t newSectionAddress) { auto sectionSize = section.data.size() ? section.data.size() : static_cast(section.header.size); auto oldSectionAddress = section.header.addr; auto oldSectionAddressEnd = section.header.addr + sectionSize; // Relocate symbols pointing into this section for (auto &symSection : file.sections) { if (symSection->header.type != elf::SectionType::SHT_SYMTAB) { continue; } auto symbols = reinterpret_cast(symSection->data.data()); auto numSymbols = symSection->data.size() / sizeof(elf::Symbol); for (auto i = 0u; i < numSymbols; ++i) { auto type = symbols[i].info & 0xf; auto value = symbols[i].value; // Only relocate data, func, section symbols if (type != elf::STT_OBJECT && type != elf::STT_FUNC && type != elf::STT_SECTION) { continue; } if (value >= oldSectionAddress && value <= oldSectionAddressEnd) { symbols[i].value = (value - oldSectionAddress) + newSectionAddress; } } } // Relocate relocations pointing into this section for (auto &relaSection : file.sections) { if (relaSection->header.type != elf::SectionType::SHT_RELA) { continue; } auto rela = reinterpret_cast(relaSection->data.data()); auto numRelas = relaSection->data.size() / sizeof(elf::Rela); for (auto i = 0u; i < numRelas; ++i) { auto offset = rela[i].offset; if (offset >= oldSectionAddress && offset <= oldSectionAddressEnd) { rela[i].offset = (offset - oldSectionAddress) + newSectionAddress; } } } section.header.addr = newSectionAddress; return true; } /** * Fix the loader virtual addresses. * * Linker script won't put symtab & strtab sections in our loader address, so * we must fix that. * * Expected order: * .fexports > .dexports > .symtab > .strtab > .shstrtab > {.fimport, .dimport} */ static bool fixLoaderVirtualAddresses(ElfFile &file) { auto addr = LoadBaseAddress; // All symbols pointing to this section require fixing if (auto section = getSectionByName(file, ".fexports")) { relocateSection(file, *section, align_up(addr, section->header.addralign)); addr += section->data.size(); } if (auto section = getSectionByName(file, ".dexports")) { relocateSection(file, *section, align_up(addr, section->header.addralign)); addr += section->data.size(); } if (auto section = getSectionByName(file, ".symtab")) { relocateSection(file, *section, align_up(addr, section->header.addralign)); section->header.flags |= elf::SHF_ALLOC; addr += section->data.size(); } if (auto section = getSectionByName(file, ".strtab")) { relocateSection(file, *section, align_up(addr, section->header.addralign)); section->header.flags |= elf::SHF_ALLOC; addr += section->data.size(); } if (auto section = getSectionByName(file, ".shstrtab")) { relocateSection(file, *section, align_up(addr, section->header.addralign)); section->header.flags |= elf::SHF_ALLOC; addr += section->data.size(); } for (auto §ion : file.sections) { if (section->header.type == elf::SHT_RPL_IMPORTS) { relocateSection(file, *section, align_up(addr, section->header.addralign)); addr += section->data.size(); } } return true; } static bool deflateSections(ElfFile &file) { std::vector chunk; chunk.resize(16 * 1024); for (auto §ion : file.sections) { if (section->data.size() < DeflateMinSectionSize || section->header.type == elf::SHT_RPL_CRCS || section->header.type == elf::SHT_RPL_FILEINFO) { continue; } // Allocate space for the 4 bytes inflated size std::vector deflated; deflated.resize(4); // Deflate section data auto stream = z_stream { }; memset(&stream, 0, sizeof(stream)); stream.zalloc = Z_NULL; stream.zfree = Z_NULL; stream.opaque = Z_NULL; deflateInit(&stream, 6); stream.avail_in = section->data.size(); stream.next_in = reinterpret_cast(section->data.data()); do { stream.avail_out = static_cast(chunk.size()); stream.next_out = reinterpret_cast(chunk.data()); auto ret = deflate(&stream, Z_FINISH); if (ret == Z_STREAM_ERROR) { deflateEnd(&stream); return false; } deflated.insert(deflated.end(), chunk.data(), reinterpret_cast(stream.next_out)); } while (stream.avail_out == 0); deflateEnd(&stream); // Set the inflated size at start of section *reinterpret_cast *>(&deflated[0]) = static_cast(section->data.size()); // Update the section data section->data = std::move(deflated); section->header.flags |= elf::SHF_DEFLATED; } return true; } /** * Calculate section file offsets. * * Expected order: * RPL_CRCS > RPL_FILEINFO > * .rodata > .data > .module_id > * .fexports > .dexports > * .fimports > .dimports > * .symtab > .strtab > .shstrtab > * .syscall > .text > * .rela.fexports > .rela.text > .rela.rodata > .rela.data */ static bool calculateSectionOffsets(ElfFile &file) { auto offset = file.header.shoff; offset += align_up(static_cast(file.sections.size() * sizeof(elf::SectionHeader)), 64); if (auto section = getSectionByType(file, elf::SHT_RPL_CRCS)) { section->header.offset = offset; section->header.size = static_cast(section->data.size()); offset += section->header.size; } if (auto section = getSectionByType(file, elf::SHT_RPL_FILEINFO)) { section->header.offset = offset; section->header.size = static_cast(section->data.size()); offset += section->header.size; } if (auto section = getSectionByName(file, ".rodata")) { section->header.offset = offset; section->header.size = static_cast(section->data.size()); offset += section->header.size; } if (auto section = getSectionByName(file, ".data")) { section->header.offset = offset; section->header.size = static_cast(section->data.size()); offset += section->header.size; } if (auto section = getSectionByName(file, ".module_id")) { section->header.offset = offset; section->header.size = static_cast(section->data.size()); offset += section->header.size; } if (auto section = getSectionByName(file, ".fexports")) { section->header.offset = offset; section->header.size = static_cast(section->data.size()); offset += section->header.size; } if (auto section = getSectionByName(file, ".dexports")) { section->header.offset = offset; section->header.size = static_cast(section->data.size()); offset += section->header.size; } for (auto §ion : file.sections) { if (section->header.type == elf::SHT_RPL_IMPORTS) { section->header.offset = offset; section->header.size = static_cast(section->data.size()); offset += section->header.size; } } if (auto section = getSectionByName(file, ".symtab")) { section->header.offset = offset; section->header.size = static_cast(section->data.size()); offset += section->header.size; } if (auto section = getSectionByName(file, ".strtab")) { section->header.offset = offset; section->header.size = static_cast(section->data.size()); offset += section->header.size; } if (auto section = getSectionByName(file, ".shstrtab")) { section->header.offset = offset; section->header.size = static_cast(section->data.size()); offset += section->header.size; } if (auto section = getSectionByName(file, ".syscall")) { section->header.offset = offset; section->header.size = static_cast(section->data.size()); offset += section->header.size; } if (auto section = getSectionByName(file, ".text")) { section->header.offset = offset; section->header.size = static_cast(section->data.size()); offset += section->header.size; } if (auto section = getSectionByName(file, ".rela.fexports")) { section->header.offset = offset; section->header.size = static_cast(section->data.size()); offset += section->header.size; } if (auto section = getSectionByName(file, ".rela.text")) { section->header.offset = offset; section->header.size = static_cast(section->data.size()); offset += section->header.size; } if (auto section = getSectionByName(file, ".rela.rodata")) { section->header.offset = offset; section->header.size = static_cast(section->data.size()); offset += section->header.size; } if (auto section = getSectionByName(file, ".rela.data")) { section->header.offset = offset; section->header.size = static_cast(section->data.size()); offset += section->header.size; } return true; } /** * Write out the final RPL. */ static bool writeRpl(ElfFile &file, const std::string &filename) { auto shoff = file.header.shoff; // Write the file out std::ofstream out { filename, std::ofstream::binary }; if (!out.is_open()) { fmt::print("Could not open {} for writing", filename); return false; } // Write file header out.seekp(0, std::ios::beg); out.write(reinterpret_cast(&file.header), sizeof(elf::Header)); // Write section headers out.seekp(shoff, std::ios::beg); for (const auto §ion : file.sections) { out.write(reinterpret_cast(§ion->header), sizeof(elf::SectionHeader)); } // Write sections for (const auto §ion : file.sections) { if (section->data.size()) { out.seekp(section->header.offset, std::ios::beg); out.write(section->data.data(), section->data.size()); } } return true; } int main(int argc, const char **argv) { if (argc < 3) { fmt::print("Usage: {} ", argv[0]); return -1; } auto src = std::string { argv[1] }; auto dst = std::string { argv[2] }; // Read elf into memory object! ElfFile elf; if (!readElf(elf, src)) { fmt::print("ERROR: readElf failed"); return -1; } if (!fixBssNoBits(elf)) { fmt::print("ERROR: fixBssNoBits failed"); return -1; } if (!reorderSectionIndex(elf)) { fmt::print("ERROR: reorderSectionIndex failed"); return -1; } if (!fixRelocations(elf)) { fmt::print("ERROR: fixRelocations failed"); return -1; } if (!fixSectionAlign(elf)) { fmt::print("ERROR: fixSectionAlign failed"); return -1; } if (!fixLoaderVirtualAddresses(elf)) { fmt::print("ERROR: fixLoaderVirtualAddresses failed"); return -1; } if (!generateFileInfoSection(elf)) { fmt::print("ERROR: generateFileInfoSection failed"); return -1; } if (!generateCrcSection(elf)) { fmt::print("ERROR: generateCrcSection failed"); return -1; } if (!fixFileHeader(elf)) { fmt::print("ERROR: fixFileHeader failed"); return -1; } if (!deflateSections(elf)) { fmt::print("ERROR: deflateSections failed"); return -1; } if (!calculateSectionOffsets(elf)) { fmt::print("ERROR: calculateSectionOffsets failed"); return -1; } if (!writeRpl(elf, dst)) { fmt::print("ERROR: writeRpl failed"); return -1; } return 0; }