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source/m68k/readme.txt
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source/m68k/readme.txt
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MUSASHI
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=======
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Version 3.3
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A portable Motorola M680x0 processor emulation engine.
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Copyright 1998-2001 Karl Stenerud. All rights reserved.
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INTRODUCTION:
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------------
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Musashi is a Motorola 68000, 68010, 68EC020, and 68020 emulator written in C.
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This emulator was written with two goals in mind: portability and speed.
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The emulator is written to ANSI C specifications with the exception that I use
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inline functions. This is not compliant to the ANSI spec, but will be
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compliant to the ANSI C9X spec.
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It has been successfully running in the MAME project (www.mame.net) for over 2
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years and so has had time to mature.
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LICENSE AND COPYRIGHT:
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---------------------
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The Musashi M680x0 emulator is copyright 1998-2001 Karl Stenerud.
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The source code included in this archive is provided AS-IS, free for any
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non-commercial purpose.
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If you build a program using this core, please give credit to the author.
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If you wish to use this core in a commercial environment, please contact
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the author to discuss commercial licensing.
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AVAILABILITY:
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------------
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The latest version of this code can be obtained at:
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http://kstenerud.cjb.net
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CONTACTING THE AUTHOR:
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---------------------
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I can be reached at kstenerud@mame.net
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BASIC CONFIGURATION:
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-------------------
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The basic configuration will give you a standard 68000 that has sufficient
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functionality to work in a primitive environment.
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This setup assumes that you only have 1 device interrupting it, that the
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device will always request an autovectored interrupt, and it will always clear
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the interrupt before the interrupt service routine finishes (but could
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possibly re-assert the interrupt).
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You will have only one address space, no tracing, and no instruction prefetch.
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To implement the basic configuration:
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- Open m68kconf.h and verify that the settings for INLINE and DECL_SPEC will
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work with your compiler. (They are set for gcc)
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- In your host program, implement the following functions:
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unsigned int m68k_read_memory_8(unsigned int address);
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unsigned int m68k_read_memory_16(unsigned int address);
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unsigned int m68k_read_memory_32(unsigned int address);
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void m68k_write_memory_8(unsigned int address, unsigned int value);
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void m68k_write_memory_16(unsigned int address, unsigned int value);
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void m68k_write_memory_32(unsigned int address, unsigned int value);
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- In your host program, be sure to call m68k_pulse_reset() once before calling
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any of the other functions as this initializes the core.
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- Use m68k_execute() to execute instructions and m68k_set_irq() to cause an
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interrupt.
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ADDING PROPER INTERRUPT HANDLING:
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--------------------------------
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The interrupt handling in the basic configuration doesn't emulate the
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interrupt acknowledge phase of the CPU and automatically clears an interrupt
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request during interrupt processing.
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While this works for most systems, you may need more accurate interrupt
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handling.
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To add proper interrupt handling:
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- In m68kconf.h, set M68K_EMULATE_INT_ACK to OPT_SPECIFY_HANDLER
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- In m68kconf.h, set M68K_INT_ACK_CALLBACK(A) to your interrupt acknowledge
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routine
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- Your interrupt acknowledge routine must return an interrupt vector,
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M68K_INT_ACK_AUTOVECTOR, or M68K_INT_ACK_SPURIOUS. most m68k
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implementations just use autovectored interrupts.
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- When the interrupting device is satisfied, you must call m68k_set_irq(0) to
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remove the interrupt request.
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MULTIPLE INTERRUPTS:
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-------------------
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The above system will work if you have only one device interrupting the CPU,
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but if you have more than one device, you must do a bit more.
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To add multiple interrupts:
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- You must make an interrupt arbitration device that will take the highest
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priority interrupt and encode it onto the IRQ pins on the CPU.
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- The interrupt arbitration device should use m68k_set_irq() to set the
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highest pending interrupt, or 0 for no interrupts pending.
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SEPARATE IMMEDIATE AND PC-RELATIVE READS:
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----------------------------------------
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You can write faster memory access functions if you know whether you are
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fetching from ROM or RAM. Immediate reads are always from the program space
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(Always in ROM unless it is running self-modifying code).
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This will also separate the pc-relative reads, since some systems treat
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PROGRAM mode reads and DATA mode reads differently (for program encryption,
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for instance). See the section below (ADDRESS SPACE) for an explanation of
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PROGRAM and DATA mode.
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To enable separate reads:
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- In m68kconf.h, turn on M68K_SEPARATE_READS.
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- In your host program, implement the following functions:
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unsigned int m68k_read_immediate_16(unsigned int address);
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unsigned int m68k_read_immediate_32(unsigned int address);
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unsigned int m68k_read_pcrelative_8(unsigned int address);
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unsigned int m68k_read_pcrelative_16(unsigned int address);
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unsigned int m68k_read_pcrelative_32(unsigned int address);
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- If you need to know the current PC (for banking and such), set
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M68K_MONITOR_PC to OPT_SPECIFY_HANDLER, and set M68K_SET_PC_CALLBACK(A) to
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your routine.
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ADDRESS SPACES:
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--------------
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Most systems will only implement one address space, placing ROM at the lower
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addresses and RAM at the higher. However, there is the possibility that a
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system will implement ROM and RAM in the same address range, but in different
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address spaces, or will have different mamory types that require different
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handling for the program and the data.
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The 68k accomodates this by allowing different program spaces, the most
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important to us being PROGRAM and DATA space. Here is a breakdown of
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how information is fetched:
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- All immediate reads are fetched from PROGRAM space.
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- All PC-relative reads are fetched from PROGRAM space.
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- The initial stack pointer and program counter are fetched from PROGRAM space.
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- All other reads (except for those from the moves instruction for 68020)
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are fetched from DATA space.
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The m68k deals with this by encoding the requested address space on the
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function code pins:
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FC
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Address Space 210
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------------------ ---
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USER DATA 001
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USER PROGRAM 010
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SUPERVISOR DATA 101
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SUPERVISOR PROGRAM 110
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CPU SPACE 111 <-- not emulated in this core since we emulate
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interrupt acknowledge in another way.
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Problems arise here if you need to emulate this distinction (if, for example,
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your ROM and RAM are at the same address range, with RAM and ROM enable
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wired to the function code pins).
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There are 2 ways to deal with this situation using Musashi:
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1. If you only need the distinction between PROGRAM and DATA (the most common),
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you can just separate the reads (see the preceeding section). This is the
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faster solution.
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2. You can emulate the function code pins entirely.
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To emulate the function code pins:
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- In m68kconf.h, set M68K_EMULATE_FC to OPT_SPECIFY_HANDLER and set
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M68K_SET_FC_CALLBACK(A) to your function code handler function.
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- Your function code handler should select the proper address space for
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subsequent calls to m68k_read_xx (and m68k_write_xx for 68010+).
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Note: immediate reads are always done from program space, so technically you
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don't need to implement the separate immediate reads, although you could
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gain more speed improvements leaving them in and doing some clever
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programming.
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USING DIFFERENT CPU TYPES:
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-------------------------
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The default is to enable only the 68000 cpu type. To change this, change the
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settings for M68K_EMULATE_010 etc in m68kconf.h.
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To set the CPU type you want to use:
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- Make sure it is enabled in m68kconf.h. Current switches are:
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M68K_EMULATE_010
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M68K_EMULATE_EC020
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M68K_EMULATE_020
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- In your host program, call m68k_set_cpu_type() and then call
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m68k_pulse_reset(). Valid CPU types are:
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M68K_CPU_TYPE_68000,
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M68K_CPU_TYPE_68010,
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M68K_CPU_TYPE_68EC020,
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M68K_CPU_TYPE_68020
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CLOCK FREQUENCY:
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---------------
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In order to emulate the correct clock frequency, you will have to calculate
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how long it takes the emulation to execute a certain number of "cycles" and
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vary your calls to m68k_execute() accordingly.
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As well, it is a good idea to take away the CPU's timeslice when it writes to
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a memory-mapped port in order to give the device it wrote to a chance to
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react.
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You can use the functions m68k_cycles_run(), m68k_cycles_remaining(),
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m68k_modify_timeslice(), and m68k_end_timeslice() to do this.
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Try to use large cycle values in your calls to m68k_execute() since it will
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increase throughput. You can always take away the timeslice later.
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MORE CORRECT EMULATION:
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----------------------
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You may need to enable these in order to properly emulate some of the more
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obscure functions of the m68k:
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- M68K_EMULATE_BKPT_ACK causes the CPU to call a breakpoint handler on a BKPT
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instruction
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- M68K_EMULATE_TRACE causes the CPU to generate trace exceptions when the
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trace bits are set
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- M68K_EMULATE_RESET causes the CPU to call a reset handler on a RESET
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instruction.
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- M68K_EMULATE_PREFETCH emulates the 4-word instruction prefetch that is part
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of the 68000/68010 (needed for Amiga emulation).
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- call m68k_pulse_halt() to emulate the HALT pin.
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CONVENIENCE FUNCTIONS:
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---------------------
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These are in here for programmer convenience:
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- M68K_INSTRUCTION_HOOK lets you call a handler before each instruction.
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- M68K_LOG_ENABLE and M68K_LOG_1010_1111 lets you log illegal and A/F-line
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instructions.
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MULTIPLE CPU EMULATION:
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----------------------
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The default is to use only one CPU. To use more than one CPU in this core,
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there are some things to keep in mind:
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- To have different cpus call different functions, use OPT_ON instead of
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OPT_SPECIFY_HANDLER, and use the m68k_set_xxx_callback() functions to set
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your callback handlers on a per-cpu basis.
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- Be sure to call set_cpu_type() for each CPU you use.
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- Use m68k_set_context() and m68k_get_context() to switch to another CPU.
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LOAD AND SAVE CPU CONTEXTS FROM DISK:
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------------------------------------
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You can use them68k_load_context() and m68k_save_context() functions to load
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and save the CPU state to disk.
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GET/SET INFORMATION FROM THE CPU:
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--------------------------------
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You can use m68k_get_reg() and m68k_set_reg() to gain access to the internals
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of the CPU.
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EXAMPLE:
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-------
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I have included a file example.zip that contains a full example.
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@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ extern void *myFM;
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void sound_init(void)
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void sound_init(void)
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{
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{
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/* Timers run at half the YM2612 input clock */
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/* Timers run at half the YM2612 input clock */
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float clock = ((CPU_Clock / 1000000.0) / 7.0) / 2.0;
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float clock = ((Master_Clock / 1000000.0) / 7.0) / 2.0;
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int i;
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int i;
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/* Make Timer A table */
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/* Make Timer A table */
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@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ uint32 count_z80 = 0;
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uint16 misc68Kcycles = 488;
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uint16 misc68Kcycles = 488;
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uint16 miscZ80cycles = 228;
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uint16 miscZ80cycles = 228;
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uint16 lines_per_frame = 262;
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uint16 lines_per_frame = 262;
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double CPU_Clock = (double)CLOCK_NTSC;
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double Master_Clock = (double)CLOCK_NTSC;
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void *myFM = NULL;
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void *myFM = NULL;
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static int sound_tbl[312];
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static int sound_tbl[312];
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static int sound_inc[312];
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static int sound_inc[312];
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@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ extern uint8 hq_fm;
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int audio_init (int rate)
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int audio_init (int rate)
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{
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{
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int i;
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int i;
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int vclk = (int)(CPU_Clock / 7.0); /* 68000 and YM2612 clock */
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int vclk = (int)(Master_Clock / 7.0); /* 68000 and YM2612 clock */
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int zclk = (int)(CPU_Clock / 15.0); /* Z80 and SN76489 clock */
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int zclk = (int)(Master_Clock / 15.0); /* Z80 and SN76489 clock */
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/* Clear the sound data context */
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/* Clear the sound data context */
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memset (&snd, 0, sizeof (snd));
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memset (&snd, 0, sizeof (snd));
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@ -146,9 +146,9 @@ void system_init (void)
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/* PAL or NTSC timings */
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/* PAL or NTSC timings */
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vdp_rate = (vdp_pal) ? 50 : 60;
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vdp_rate = (vdp_pal) ? 50 : 60;
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lines_per_frame = (vdp_pal) ? 313 : 262;
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lines_per_frame = (vdp_pal) ? 313 : 262;
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CPU_Clock = (vdp_pal) ? (double)CLOCK_PAL : (double)CLOCK_NTSC;
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Master_Clock = (vdp_pal) ? (double)CLOCK_PAL : (double)CLOCK_NTSC;
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miscZ80cycles = (vdp_pal) ? 227 : 228;
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miscZ80cycles = (vdp_pal) ? 227 : 228; /* Master_Clock / 13 / vdp_rate / lines_per_frame */
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misc68Kcycles = (vdp_pal) ? 487 : 488;
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misc68Kcycles = (vdp_pal) ? 486 : 488; /* Master_Clock / 7 / vdp_rate / lines_per_frame */
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gen_init ();
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gen_init ();
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vdp_init ();
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vdp_init ();
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@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ int system_frame (int do_skip)
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}
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}
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}
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}
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status &= 0xFFFB; // HBlank = 0
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status &= 0xFFFB; // HBlank = 0
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/* Process end of line */
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/* Process end of line */
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m68k_run(aim_m68k);
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m68k_run(aim_m68k);
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