Optimize Memory Implementation using Shared Memory

This commit further improves the memory implementation by using shared memory for all allocations so we won't have to depend on a kernel call for doing any host <-> guest memory transfers.

app/src/main/cpp/skyline/kernel/memory.cpp

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 namespace skyline::kernel {
     ChunkDescriptor *MemoryManager::GetChunk(u64 address) {
         for (auto &chunk : chunkList)
-            if (chunk.address <= address && (chunk.address + chunk.size) >= address)
+            if (chunk.address <= address && (chunk.address + chunk.size) > address)
                 return &chunk;
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ namespace skyline::kernel {
         auto chunk = GetChunk(address);
         if (chunk)
             for (auto &block : chunk->blockList)
-                if (block.address <= address && (block.address + block.size) >= address)
+                if (block.address <= address && (block.address + block.size) > address)
                     return &block;
         return nullptr;
     }
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ namespace skyline::kernel {
 
     void MemoryManager::DeleteChunk(u64 address) {
         chunkList.remove_if([address](const ChunkDescriptor &chunk) {
-            return chunk.address <= address && (chunk.address + chunk.size) >= address;
+            return chunk.address <= address && (chunk.address + chunk.size) > address;
         });
     }
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ namespace skyline::kernel {
 
     void MemoryManager::InsertBlock(ChunkDescriptor *chunk, BlockDescriptor block) {
         for (auto iter = chunk->blockList.begin(); iter != chunk->blockList.end(); iter++) {
-            if (iter->address <= block.address && (iter->address + iter->size) >= block.address) {
+            if (iter->address <= block.address && (iter->address + iter->size) > block.address) {
                 if (iter->address == block.address && iter->size == block.size) {
                     iter->attributes = block.attributes;
                     iter->permission = block.permission;
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ namespace skyline::kernel {
         auto chunk = GetChunk(address);
         if (chunk)
             for (auto &block : chunk->blockList)
-                if (block.address <= address && (block.address + block.size) >= address)
+                if (block.address <= address && (block.address + block.size) > address)
                     return DescriptorPack{block, *chunk};
         return std::nullopt;
     }

app/src/main/cpp/skyline/kernel/memory.h

@@ -245,6 +245,7 @@ namespace skyline {
         struct ChunkDescriptor {
             u64 address; //!< The address of the current chunk
             u64 size; //!< The size of the current chunk in bytes
+            u64 host; //!< The address of the chunk in the host
             memory::MemoryState state; //!< The MemoryState for the current block
             std::forward_list<BlockDescriptor> blockList; //!< This linked list holds the block descriptors for all the children blocks of this Chunk
         };

app/src/main/cpp/skyline/kernel/svc.cpp

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ namespace skyline::kernel::svc {
     void SetHeapSize(DeviceState &state) {
         const u32 size = state.ctx->registers.w1;
         if (size % constant::HeapSizeDiv != 0) {
-            state.ctx->registers.x1 = 0;
             state.ctx->registers.w0 = constant::status::InvSize;
+            state.ctx->registers.x1 = 0;
             state.logger->Warn("svcSetHeapSize: 'size' not divisible by 2MB: {}", size);
             return;
         }

app/src/main/cpp/skyline/kernel/types/KPrivateMemory.cpp

@@ -1,21 +1,31 @@
 #include "KPrivateMemory.h"
 #include "KProcess.h"
 #include <os.h>
+#include <android/sharedmem.h>
 #include <asm/unistd.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 namespace skyline::kernel::type {
-    KPrivateMemory::KPrivateMemory(const DeviceState &state, u64 address, size_t size, memory::Permission permission, const memory::MemoryState memState) : address(address), size(size), KMemory(state, KType::KPrivateMemory) {
-        Registers fregs{};
-        fregs.x0 = address;
-        fregs.x1 = size;
-        fregs.x2 = static_cast<u64>(permission.Get());
-        fregs.x3 = static_cast<u64>(MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS | ((address) ? MAP_FIXED : 0));
-        fregs.x4 = static_cast<u64>(-1);
-        fregs.x8 = __NR_mmap;
+    KPrivateMemory::KPrivateMemory(const DeviceState &state, u64 address, size_t size, memory::Permission permission, const memory::MemoryState memState) : size(size), KMemory(state, KType::KPrivateMemory) {
+        if (address && !utils::PageAligned(address))
+            throw exception("KPrivateMemory was created with non-page-aligned address: 0x{:X}", address);
+        fd = ASharedMemory_create("KPrivateMemory", size);
+        if (fd < 0)
+            throw exception("An error occurred while creating shared memory: {}", fd);
+        auto host = mmap(nullptr, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
+        if (host == MAP_FAILED)
+            throw exception("An occurred while mapping shared memory: {}", strerror(errno));
+        Registers fregs{
+            .x0 = address,
+            .x1 = size,
+            .x2 = static_cast<u64>(permission.Get()),
+            .x3 = static_cast<u64>(MAP_SHARED | ((address) ? MAP_FIXED : 0)),
+            .x4 = static_cast<u64>(fd),
+            .x8 = __NR_mmap,
+        };
         state.nce->ExecuteFunction(ThreadCall::Syscall, fregs);
         if (fregs.x0 < 0)
-            throw exception("An error occurred while mapping private section in child process");
-        if (!this->address)
+            throw exception("An error occurred while mapping private memory in child process");
         this->address = fregs.x0;
         BlockDescriptor block{
             .address = fregs.x0,
@@ -25,6 +35,7 @@ namespace skyline::kernel::type {
         ChunkDescriptor chunk{
             .address = fregs.x0,
             .size = size,
+            .host = reinterpret_cast<u64>(host),
             .state = memState,
             .blockList = {block},
         };
@@ -32,28 +43,65 @@ namespace skyline::kernel::type {
     }
 
     void KPrivateMemory::Resize(size_t nSize) {
-        Registers fregs{};
-        fregs.x0 = address;
-        fregs.x1 = size;
-        fregs.x2 = nSize;
-        fregs.x8 = __NR_mremap;
+        if (close(fd) < 0)
+            throw exception("An error occurred while trying to close shared memory FD: {}", strerror(errno));
+        fd = ASharedMemory_create("KPrivateMemory", nSize);
+        if (fd < 0)
+            throw exception("An error occurred while creating shared memory: {}", fd);
+        Registers fregs{
+            .x0 = address,
+            .x1 = size,
+            .x8 = __NR_munmap
+        };
         state.nce->ExecuteFunction(ThreadCall::Syscall, fregs);
         if (fregs.x0 < 0)
-            throw exception("An error occurred while remapping private section in child process");
-        size = nSize;
+            throw exception("An error occurred while unmapping private memory in child process");
+        fregs = {
+            .x0 = address,
+            .x1 = nSize,
+            .x2 = static_cast<u64>(PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC),
+            .x3 = static_cast<u64>(MAP_SHARED | MAP_FIXED),
+            .x4 = static_cast<u64>(fd),
+            .x8 = __NR_mmap,
+        };
+        state.nce->ExecuteFunction(ThreadCall::Syscall, fregs);
+        if (fregs.x0 < 0)
+            throw exception("An error occurred while remapping private memory in child process");
         auto chunk = state.os->memory.GetChunk(address);
-        MemoryManager::ResizeChunk(chunk, size);
+        state.process->WriteMemory(reinterpret_cast<void *>(chunk->host), address, std::min(nSize, size), true);
+        for (const auto &block : chunk->blockList) {
+            if((block.address - chunk->address) < size) {
+                fregs = {
+                    .x0 = block.address,
+                    .x1 = std::min(block.size, (chunk->address + nSize) - block.address),
+                    .x2 = static_cast<u64>(block.permission.Get()),
+                    .x8 = __NR_mprotect,
+                };
+                state.nce->ExecuteFunction(ThreadCall::Syscall, fregs);
+                if (fregs.x0 < 0)
+                    throw exception("An error occurred while updating private memory's permissions in child process");
+            } else
+                break;
+        }
+        munmap(reinterpret_cast<void *>(chunk->host), size);
+        auto host = mmap(reinterpret_cast<void *>(chunk->host), nSize, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
+        if (host == MAP_FAILED)
+            throw exception("An occurred while mapping shared memory: {}", strerror(errno));
+        chunk->host = reinterpret_cast<u64>(host);
+        MemoryManager::ResizeChunk(chunk, nSize);
+        size = nSize;
     }
 
     void KPrivateMemory::UpdatePermission(const u64 address, const u64 size, memory::Permission permission) {
-        Registers fregs{};
-        fregs.x0 = address;
-        fregs.x1 = size;
-        fregs.x2 = static_cast<u64>(permission.Get());
-        fregs.x8 = __NR_mprotect;
+        Registers fregs{
+            .x0 = address,
+            .x1 = size,
+            .x2 = static_cast<u64>(permission.Get()),
+            .x8 = __NR_mprotect,
+        };
         state.nce->ExecuteFunction(ThreadCall::Syscall, fregs);
         if (fregs.x0 < 0)
-            throw exception("An error occurred while updating private section's permissions in child process");
+            throw exception("An error occurred while updating private memory's permissions in child process");
         auto chunk = state.os->memory.GetChunk(address);
         BlockDescriptor block{
             .address = address,
@@ -66,14 +114,17 @@ namespace skyline::kernel::type {
     KPrivateMemory::~KPrivateMemory() {
         try {
             if (state.process) {
-                Registers fregs{};
-                fregs.x0 = address;
-                fregs.x1 = size;
-                fregs.x8 = __NR_munmap;
+                Registers fregs{
+                    .x0 = address,
+                    .x1 = size,
+                    .x8 = __NR_munmap,
+                };
                 state.nce->ExecuteFunction(ThreadCall::Syscall, fregs);
             }
         } catch (const std::exception &) {
         }
+        auto chunk = state.os->memory.GetChunk(address);
+        munmap(reinterpret_cast<void *>(chunk->host), chunk->size);
         state.os->memory.DeleteChunk(address);
     }
 };

app/src/main/cpp/skyline/kernel/types/KPrivateMemory.h

@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ namespace skyline::kernel::type {
      * @brief KPrivateMemory is used to map memory local to the guest process
      */
     class KPrivateMemory : public KMemory {
+      private:
+        int fd; //!< A file descriptor to the underlying shared memory
+
       public:
         u64 address{}; //!< The address of the allocated memory
         size_t size{}; //!< The size of the allocated memory

app/src/main/cpp/skyline/kernel/types/KProcess.cpp

@@ -83,35 +83,57 @@ namespace skyline::kernel::type {
         return process;
     }
 
-    void KProcess::ReadMemory(void *destination, u64 offset, size_t size) const {
+    u64 KProcess::GetHostAddress(u64 address) const {
+        auto chunk = state.os->memory.GetChunk(address);
+        return (chunk && chunk->host) ? chunk->host + (address - chunk->address) : 0;
+    }
+
+    void KProcess::ReadMemory(void *destination, const u64 offset, const size_t size, const bool forceGuest) const {
+        if (!forceGuest) {
+            auto source = GetHostAddress(offset);
+            if (source) {
+                memcpy(destination, reinterpret_cast<void *>(source), size);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
         struct iovec local{
             .iov_base = destination,
-            .iov_len = size
+            .iov_len = size,
         };
         struct iovec remote{
             .iov_base = reinterpret_cast<void *>(offset),
-            .iov_len = size
+            .iov_len = size,
         };
-
         if (process_vm_readv(pid, &local, 1, &remote, 1, 0) < 0)
             pread64(memFd, destination, size, offset);
     }
 
-    void KProcess::WriteMemory(void *source, u64 offset, size_t size) const {
+    void KProcess::WriteMemory(void *source, const u64 offset, const size_t size, const bool forceGuest) const {
+        if(!forceGuest) {
+            auto destination = GetHostAddress(offset);
+            if (destination) {
+                memcpy(reinterpret_cast<void *>(destination), source, size);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
         struct iovec local{
             .iov_base = source,
-            .iov_len = size
+            .iov_len = size,
         };
         struct iovec remote{
             .iov_base = reinterpret_cast<void *>(offset),
-            .iov_len = size
+            .iov_len = size,
         };
-
         if (process_vm_writev(pid, &local, 1, &remote, 1, 0) < 0)
             pwrite64(memFd, source, size, offset);
     }
 
     void KProcess::CopyMemory(u64 source, u64 destination, size_t size) const {
+        auto sourceHost = GetHostAddress(source);
+        auto destinationHost = GetHostAddress(destination);
+        if(sourceHost && destinationHost) {
+            memcpy(reinterpret_cast<void *>(destinationHost), reinterpret_cast<const void *>(sourceHost), size);
+        } else {
             if (size <= PAGE_SIZE) {
                 std::vector<u8> buffer(size);
                 state.process->ReadMemory(buffer.data(), source, size);
@@ -124,6 +146,7 @@ namespace skyline::kernel::type {
                 state.nce->ExecuteFunction(ThreadCall::Memcopy, fregs);
             }
         }
+    }
 
     std::optional<KProcess::HandleOut<KMemory>> KProcess::GetMemoryObject(u64 address) {
         for (auto&[handle, object] : state.process->handles) {

app/src/main/cpp/skyline/kernel/types/KProcess.h

@@ -169,21 +169,41 @@ namespace skyline::kernel::type {
             WriteMemory(&item, address, sizeof(Type));
         }
 
+        /**
+         * @brief This returns the host address for a specific address in guest memory
+         * @param address The corresponding guest address
+         * @return The corresponding host address
+         */
+        u64 GetHostAddress(const u64 address) const;
+
+        /**
+         * @tparam Type The type of the pointer to return
+         * @param address The address on the guest
+         * @return A pointer corresponding to a certain address on the guest
+         * @note This can return a nullptr if the address is invalid
+         */
+        template<typename Type>
+        inline Type* GetPointer(const u64 address) const {
+            return reinterpret_cast<Type*>(GetHostAddress(address));
+        }
+
         /**
          * @brief Read data from the process's memory
          * @param destination The address to the location where the process memory is written
          * @param offset The address to read from in process memory
          * @param size The amount of memory to be read
+         * @param forceGuest This flag forces the write to be performed in guest address space
          */
-        void ReadMemory(void *destination, u64 offset, size_t size) const;
+        void ReadMemory(void *destination, const u64 offset, const size_t size, const bool forceGuest = false) const;
 
         /**
          * @brief Write to the process's memory
          * @param source The address of where the data to be written is present
          * @param offset The address to write to in process memory
          * @param size The amount of memory to be written
+         * @param forceGuest This flag forces the write to be performed in guest address space
          */
-        void WriteMemory(void *source, u64 offset, size_t size) const;
+        void WriteMemory(void *source, const u64 offset, const size_t size, const bool forceGuest = false) const;
 
         /**
          * @brief Copy one chunk to another in the process's memory
@@ -191,7 +211,7 @@ namespace skyline::kernel::type {
          * @param destination The address to write the read data to
          * @param size The amount of memory to be copied
          */
-        void CopyMemory(u64 source, u64 destination, size_t size) const;
+        void CopyMemory(const u64 source, const u64 destination, const size_t size) const;
 
         /**
          * @brief Creates a new handle to a KObject and adds it to the process handle_table

app/src/main/cpp/skyline/kernel/types/KSharedMemory.cpp

@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@
 
 namespace skyline::kernel::type {
     KSharedMemory::KSharedMemory(const DeviceState &state, u64 address, size_t size, const memory::Permission permission, memory::MemoryState memState) : initialState(memState), KMemory(state, KType::KSharedMemory) {
-        fd = ASharedMemory_create("", size);
+        if (address && !utils::PageAligned(address))
+            throw exception("KSharedMemory was created with non-page-aligned address: 0x{:X}", address);
+        fd = ASharedMemory_create("KSharedMemory", size);
         if (fd < 0)
             throw exception("An error occurred while creating shared memory: {}", fd);
         address = reinterpret_cast<u64>(mmap(reinterpret_cast<void *>(address), size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC, MAP_SHARED | ((address) ? MAP_FIXED : 0), fd, 0));
@@ -17,19 +19,23 @@ namespace skyline::kernel::type {
     }
 
     u64 KSharedMemory::Map(const u64 address, const u64 size, memory::Permission permission) {
-        Registers fregs{};
-        fregs.x0 = address;
-        fregs.x1 = size;
-        fregs.x2 = static_cast<u64>(permission.Get());
-        fregs.x3 = static_cast<u64>(MAP_SHARED | ((address) ? MAP_FIXED : 0));
-        fregs.x4 = static_cast<u64>(fd);
-        fregs.x8 = __NR_mmap;
+        if (address && !utils::PageAligned(address))
+            throw exception("KSharedMemory was mapped to a non-page-aligned address: 0x{:X}", address);
+        Registers fregs{
+            .x0 = address,
+            .x1 = size,
+            .x2 = static_cast<u64>(permission.Get()),
+            .x3 = static_cast<u64>(MAP_SHARED | ((address) ? MAP_FIXED : 0)),
+            .x4 = static_cast<u64>(fd),
+            .x8 = __NR_mmap,
+        };
         state.nce->ExecuteFunction(ThreadCall::Syscall, fregs);
         if (fregs.x0 < 0)
             throw exception("An error occurred while mapping shared memory in guest");
         guest = {.address = fregs.x0, .size = size, .permission = permission};
         ChunkDescriptor chunk{
             .address = fregs.x0,
+            .host = kernel.address,
             .size = size,
             .state = initialState,
         };
@@ -44,33 +50,81 @@ namespace skyline::kernel::type {
     }
 
     void KSharedMemory::Resize(size_t size) {
-        if (guest.valid()) {
-            Registers fregs{};
-            fregs.x0 = guest.address;
-            fregs.x1 = guest.size;
-            fregs.x2 = size;
-            fregs.x8 = __NR_mremap;
+        if (guest.valid() && kernel.valid()) {
+            if (close(fd) < 0)
+                throw exception("An error occurred while trying to close shared memory FD: {}", strerror(errno));
+            fd = ASharedMemory_create("KSharedMemory", size);
+            if (fd < 0)
+                throw exception("An error occurred while creating shared memory: {}", fd);
+            Registers fregs{
+                .x0 = guest.address,
+                .x1 = guest.size,
+                .x8 = __NR_munmap
+            };
             state.nce->ExecuteFunction(ThreadCall::Syscall, fregs);
             if (fregs.x0 < 0)
-                throw exception("An error occurred while remapping shared memory in guest");
-            guest.size = size;
+                throw exception("An error occurred while unmapping private memory in child process");
+            fregs = {
+                .x0 = guest.address,
+                .x1 = size,
+                .x2 = static_cast<u64>(PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC),
+                .x3 = static_cast<u64>(MAP_SHARED | MAP_FIXED),
+                .x4 = static_cast<u64>(fd),
+                .x8 = __NR_mmap,
+            };
+            state.nce->ExecuteFunction(ThreadCall::Syscall, fregs);
+            if (fregs.x0 < 0)
+                throw exception("An error occurred while remapping private memory in child process");
+            state.process->WriteMemory(reinterpret_cast<void *>(kernel.address), guest.address, std::min(guest.size, size), true);
             auto chunk = state.os->memory.GetChunk(guest.address);
-            MemoryManager::ResizeChunk(chunk, size);
+            for (const auto &block : chunk->blockList) {
+                if((block.address - chunk->address) < guest.size) {
+                    fregs = {
+                        .x0 = block.address,
+                        .x1 = std::min(block.size, (chunk->address + size) - block.address),
+                        .x2 = static_cast<u64>(block.permission.Get()),
+                        .x8 = __NR_mprotect,
+                    };
+                    state.nce->ExecuteFunction(ThreadCall::Syscall, fregs);
+                    if (fregs.x0 < 0)
+                        throw exception("An error occurred while updating private memory's permissions in child process");
+                } else
+                    break;
             }
-        if (kernel.valid()) {
-            if (mremap(reinterpret_cast<void *>(kernel.address), kernel.size, size, 0) == MAP_FAILED)
-                throw exception("An error occurred while remapping shared region: {}", strerror(errno));
+            munmap(reinterpret_cast<void *>(kernel.address), kernel.size);
+            auto host = mmap(reinterpret_cast<void *>(chunk->host), size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
+            if (host == MAP_FAILED)
+                throw exception("An occurred while mapping shared memory: {}", strerror(errno));
+            guest.size = size;
+            MemoryManager::ResizeChunk(chunk, size);
+        } else if (kernel.valid()) {
+            if (close(fd) < 0)
+                throw exception("An error occurred while trying to close shared memory FD: {}", strerror(errno));
+            fd = ASharedMemory_create("KSharedMemory", size);
+            if (fd < 0)
+                throw exception("An error occurred while creating shared memory: {}", fd);
+            std::vector<u8> data(std::min(size, kernel.size));
+            memcpy(data.data(), reinterpret_cast<const void *>(kernel.address), std::min(size, kernel.size));
+            munmap(reinterpret_cast<void *>(kernel.address), kernel.size);
+            auto address = mmap(reinterpret_cast<void *>(kernel.address), size, kernel.permission.Get(), MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
+            if (address == MAP_FAILED)
+                throw exception("An occurred while mapping shared memory: {}", strerror(errno));
+            memcpy(address, data.data(), std::min(size, kernel.size));
+            kernel.address = reinterpret_cast<u64>(address);
             kernel.size = size;
+        } else {
+            throw exception("Cannot resize KSharedMemory that's only on guest");
         }
     }
 
     void KSharedMemory::UpdatePermission(u64 address, u64 size, memory::Permission permission, bool host) {
         if (guest.valid() && !host) {
-            Registers fregs{};
-            fregs.x0 = address;
-            fregs.x1 = size;
-            fregs.x2 = static_cast<u64>(permission.Get());
-            fregs.x8 = __NR_mprotect;
+            Registers fregs{
+                .x0 = address,
+                .x1 = size,
+                .x2 = static_cast<u64>(permission.Get()),
+                .x8 = __NR_mprotect,
+            };
             state.nce->ExecuteFunction(ThreadCall::Syscall, fregs);
             if (fregs.x0 < 0)
                 throw exception("An error occurred while updating shared memory's permissions in guest");
@@ -92,16 +146,17 @@ namespace skyline::kernel::type {
     KSharedMemory::~KSharedMemory() {
         try {
             if (guest.valid() && state.process) {
-                Registers fregs{};
-                fregs.x0 = guest.address;
-                fregs.x1 = guest.size;
-                fregs.x8 = __NR_munmap;
+                Registers fregs{
+                    .x0 = guest.address,
+                    .x1 = guest.size,
+                    .x8 = __NR_munmap,
+                };
                 state.nce->ExecuteFunction(ThreadCall::Syscall, fregs);
             }
+        } catch (const std::exception &) {
+        }
         if (kernel.valid())
             munmap(reinterpret_cast<void *>(kernel.address), kernel.size);
-        } catch (const std::exception &) {
-        }
         state.os->memory.DeleteChunk(guest.address);
         close(fd);
     }

app/src/main/cpp/skyline/kernel/types/KSharedMemory.h

@@ -70,7 +70,6 @@ namespace skyline::kernel::type {
             UpdatePermission(address, size, permission, false);
         }
 
-
         /**
          * @brief Updates the permissions of a chunk of mapped memory
          * @param permission The new permissions to be set for the memory

app/src/main/cpp/skyline/kernel/types/KTransferMemory.cpp

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 namespace skyline::kernel::type {
     KTransferMemory::KTransferMemory(const DeviceState &state, bool host, u64 address, size_t size, const memory::Permission permission, memory::MemoryState memState) : host(host), size(size), KMemory(state, KType::KTransferMemory) {
+        if (address && !utils::PageAligned(address))
+            throw exception("KTransferMemory was created with non-page-aligned address: 0x{:X}", address);
         BlockDescriptor block{
             .size = size,
             .permission = permission,
@@ -23,13 +25,14 @@ namespace skyline::kernel::type {
             chunk.blockList.front().address = address;
             hostChunk = chunk;
         } else {
-            Registers fregs{};
-            fregs.x0 = address;
-            fregs.x1 = size;
-            fregs.x2 = static_cast<u64 >(permission.Get());
-            fregs.x3 = static_cast<u64>(MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_PRIVATE | ((address) ? MAP_FIXED : 0));
-            fregs.x4 = static_cast<u64>(-1);
-            fregs.x8 = __NR_mmap;
+            Registers fregs{
+                .x0 = address,
+                .x1 = size,
+                .x2 = static_cast<u64 >(permission.Get()),
+                .x3 = static_cast<u64>(MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_PRIVATE | ((address) ? MAP_FIXED : 0)),
+                .x4 = static_cast<u64>(-1),
+                .x8 = __NR_mmap,
+            };
             state.nce->ExecuteFunction(ThreadCall::Syscall, fregs);
             if (fregs.x0 < 0)
                 throw exception("An error occurred while mapping shared region in child process");
@@ -41,6 +44,8 @@ namespace skyline::kernel::type {
     }
 
     u64 KTransferMemory::Transfer(bool mHost, u64 nAddress, u64 nSize) {
+        if (nAddress && !utils::PageAligned(nAddress))
+            throw exception("KTransferMemory was transferred to a non-page-aligned address: 0x{:X}", nAddress);
         nSize = nSize ? nSize : size;
         ChunkDescriptor chunk = host ? hostChunk : *state.os->memory.GetChunk(address);
         chunk.address = nAddress;
@@ -49,13 +54,14 @@ namespace skyline::kernel::type {
         for (auto &block : chunk.blockList) {
             block.address = nAddress + (block.address - address);
             if ((mHost && !host) || (!mHost && !host)) {
-                Registers fregs{};
-                fregs.x0 = block.address;
-                fregs.x1 = block.size;
-                fregs.x2 = (block.permission.w) ? static_cast<u64>(block.permission.Get()) : (PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE);
-                fregs.x3 = static_cast<u64>(MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_PRIVATE | ((nAddress) ? MAP_FIXED : 0));
-                fregs.x4 = static_cast<u64>(-1);
-                fregs.x8 = __NR_mmap;
+                Registers fregs{
+                    .x0 = block.address,
+                    .x1 = block.size,
+                    .x2 = (block.permission.w) ? static_cast<u64>(block.permission.Get()) : (PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE),
+                    .x3 = static_cast<u64>(MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_PRIVATE | ((nAddress) ? MAP_FIXED : 0)),
+                    .x4 = static_cast<u64>(-1),
+                    .x8 = __NR_mmap,
+                };
                 state.nce->ExecuteFunction(ThreadCall::Syscall, fregs);
                 if (fregs.x0 < 0)
                     throw exception("An error occurred while mapping transfer memory in child process");
@@ -80,11 +86,12 @@ namespace skyline::kernel::type {
                     if (mprotect(reinterpret_cast<void *>(block.address), block.size, block.permission.Get()) == reinterpret_cast<u64>(MAP_FAILED))
                         throw exception("An error occurred while remapping transfer memory: {}", strerror(errno));
                 } else {
-                    Registers fregs{};
-                    fregs.x0 = block.address;
-                    fregs.x1 = block.size;
-                    fregs.x2 = static_cast<u64>(block.permission.Get());
-                    fregs.x8 = __NR_mprotect;
+                    Registers fregs{
+                        .x0 = block.address,
+                        .x1 = block.size,
+                        .x2 = static_cast<u64>(block.permission.Get()),
+                        .x8 = __NR_mprotect,
+                    };
                     state.nce->ExecuteFunction(ThreadCall::Syscall, fregs);
                     if (fregs.x0 < 0)
                         throw exception("An error occurred while updating transfer memory's permissions in guest");
@@ -103,10 +110,11 @@ namespace skyline::kernel::type {
             state.os->memory.InsertChunk(chunk);
         }
         if ((mHost && !host) || (!mHost && !host)) {
-            Registers fregs{};
-            fregs.x0 = address;
-            fregs.x1 = size;
-            fregs.x8 = __NR_munmap;
+            Registers fregs{
+                .x0 = address,
+                .x1 = size,
+                .x8 = __NR_munmap,
+            };
             state.nce->ExecuteFunction(ThreadCall::Syscall, fregs);
             if (fregs.x0 < 0)
                 throw exception("An error occurred while unmapping transfer memory in child process");
@@ -125,11 +133,12 @@ namespace skyline::kernel::type {
             if (mremap(reinterpret_cast<void *>(address), size, nSize, 0) == MAP_FAILED)
                 throw exception("An error occurred while remapping transfer memory in host: {}", strerror(errno));
         } else {
-            Registers fregs{};
-            fregs.x0 = address;
-            fregs.x1 = size;
-            fregs.x2 = nSize;
-            fregs.x8 = __NR_mremap;
+            Registers fregs{
+                .x0 = address,
+                .x1 = size,
+                .x2 = nSize,
+                .x8 = __NR_mremap,
+            };
             state.nce->ExecuteFunction(ThreadCall::Syscall, fregs);
             if (fregs.x0 < 0)
                 throw exception("An error occurred while remapping transfer memory in guest");
@@ -150,11 +159,12 @@ namespace skyline::kernel::type {
                 throw exception("An occurred while remapping transfer memory: {}", strerror(errno));
             MemoryManager::InsertBlock(&hostChunk, block);
         } else {
-            Registers fregs{};
-            fregs.x0 = address;
-            fregs.x1 = size;
-            fregs.x2 = static_cast<u64>(permission.Get());
-            fregs.x8 = __NR_mprotect;
+            Registers fregs{
+                .x0 = address,
+                .x1 = size,
+                .x2 = static_cast<u64>(permission.Get()),
+                .x8 = __NR_mprotect,
+            };
             state.nce->ExecuteFunction(ThreadCall::Syscall, fregs);
             if (fregs.x0 < 0)
                 throw exception("An error occurred while updating transfer memory's permissions in guest");
@@ -168,10 +178,11 @@ namespace skyline::kernel::type {
             munmap(reinterpret_cast<void *>(address), size);
         else if (state.process) {
             try {
-                Registers fregs{};
-                fregs.x0 = address;
-                fregs.x1 = size;
-                fregs.x8 = __NR_munmap;
+                Registers fregs{
+                    .x0 = address,
+                    .x1 = size,
+                    .x8 = __NR_munmap,
+                };
                 state.nce->ExecuteFunction(ThreadCall::Syscall, fregs);
                 state.os->memory.DeleteChunk(address);
             } catch (const std::exception &) {