TIC sizes may not be aligned to block linear dimensions whereas RT sizes are and then limited by the surface clip. By using this to determine surface size we are more likely to get a match in texture manager for any future usages.
Keep a copy of the old TIC entry and view even after purge caches and use the execution number to check validity instead, if that doesn't match then just memcmp can be used as opposed to a full hash and map lookup.
When profiling SMO, it became obvious that the constant locking of textures and buffers in SyncDescriptors took up a large amount of CPU time (3-5%), a precious resource in intensive areas like Metro. This commit implements somewhat of a workaround to avoid constant relocking, if a buffer is frequently attached on the GPU and almost never used on the CPU we can keep the lock held between executions. Of course it's not that simple though, if the guest tries to lock a texture for the first time which has already been locked as preserve on the GPFIFO we need to avoid a deadlock. This is acheived through a combination of two things: first we periodically clear the locked attachments every 2*SlotCount submissions, preventing a complete deadlock on the CPU (just a long wait instead) and meaning that the next time the resource is attached on the GPU it will not be marked for preservation due to having been locked on the guest before; second, we always need to unlock everything when the GPU thread runs out of work, as the perioding clearing will not execute in this case which would otherwise leave the textures locked on the GPFIFO thread forever (if guest was waiting on a lock to submit work). It should be noted that we don't clear preserve attached resources in the latter scenario, only unlock them and then relock when more work is available.
Avoids one race where we would end up hogging all the locks of chained cycles and ourself when waiting for submission of previous cycles and prevent any forward progress due to another thread locking one of the chained cycles.
For the upcoming preserve attachment optimisation, which will keep buffers/textures locked on the GPU between executions, we don't want to preserve any which are frequently locked on the CPU as that would result in lots of needless waiting for a resource to be unlocked by the GPU when it occasionally frees all preserve attachments when it could have been done much sooner. By checking if a resource has ever been locked on the CPU and using that to choose whether we preserve it we can avoid such waiting.
Allowing for parallel execution of channels never really benefitted many games and prevented optimisations such as keeping frequently used resources always locked to avoid the constant overhead of locking on the hot path.
Ontop of the TIC cache from previous code a simple index based lookup has been added which vastly speeds things up by avoding the need to hash the TIC structure every time.
Introducing async record resulted in breaking the assumption that any work submitted through command scheduler would be submitted in order with graphics submits. Since async record now unlocks the texture before it's submitted a seperate mechanism is needed to ensure ordering of submits. This is achieved by building support into fence cycle itself, with a conditional variable that is waited on for submission before any fence waits occur.
GPFIFO code is very high throughput due to the sheer number of commands used for rendering. Adjust some types and switch to a if statement with hints to slightly increase processing speed.
Recording of command nodes into Vulkan command buffers is very easily parallelisable as it can effectively be treated as part of the GPU execution, which is inherently async. By moving it to a seperate thread we can shave off about 20% of GPFIFO execution time. It should be noted that the command scheduler command buffer infra is no longer used, since we need to record texture updates on the GPFIFO thread (while another slot is being recorded on the record thread) and then use the same command buffer on the record thread later. This ends up requiring a pool per slot, which is reasonable considering we only have four slots by default.
Using command executor for each state individual update was found to be infeasible due to the shear number of state updates per draw and it relying on per-node heap allocations. Instead this commit takes advantage of each state update being used only once to implement a system of linearly-allocated state update commands that are linked together. After setting up all draw state with StateUpdateBuilder, the built StateUpdater can then be used in the execution phase to record all of the draw state into the command buffer with almost zero ovehead.
SMO implements instanced draws by repeating the same draw just with a different constant buffer bound. Reduce the cost of this significantly by detecting such cases and instead of processing every descriptor, copy the previous descriptor set and update only the ones affected by the bound constant buffer.
Credits to ripinperiperi for the initial idea and making me aware of how SMO does these draws
When a buffer is trapped nearly every frame, the cost of trapping and synchronising its contents starts to quickly add up. By always using the megabuffer when this is the case, since megabuffer copies are done directly from the guest, we skip the need to synchronise/trap the backing.
The original intention was to cache on the user side, but especially with shader constant buffers that's difficult and costly. Instead we can cache on the buffer side, with a page-table like structure to hold variable sized allocations indexed by the aligned view base address. This avoids most redundant copies from repeated use of the same buffer without updates inbetween.
Avoids the need to hash PipelineState when we can guess the pipeline that will be used next. This could very easily be optimised in the future with generational, usage-based caching if necessary.
gm20b performs instanced draws by repeating draw methods for each instance, the code to detect this together with the cost of interpreting macros took up around 6% of GPFIFO time in Metro Kingdom. By detecting these specific macros and performing an instanced draw directly much of that cost can be avoided.
gpu-new will use a monolithic pipeline object for each pipeline to store state, keyed by the PackedPipelineState contents. This allows for a greater level of per-pipeline optimisations and a reduction in the overall number of lookups in a draw compared to the previous system.
Caching here was deemed unnecessary since it will be done implicitly by the pipeline cache and creates issues with the legacy attribute conversion pass. It now purely serves as a frontend for Hades.
It was determined that a general purpose Vulkan pipeline cache isn't viable for the significant performance reqs of Draw(), by using a Maxwell 3D specific key we can shrink state significantly more than if we used Vulkan structs.
Removes all usage of graphics_context.h from the codebase, exclusively using the new interconnect and its dirty tracking system. While porting the code a number of bugs were discovered such as not respecting the base instance or primitive type override, which have all been fixed. Currently only clears and constant buffer updates are implemented but due to the dirty state system allowing register handling on the interconnect end there shouldn't end up being many more changes.
This mainly distributes operations down to activeState and pipelineState, aside from clears which are implemented in-place. The exposed interface is much reduced as opposed to the previous GraphicsContext system due to the newly introduced dirty system, this should hopefully make the code more maintainable and keep actual rendering operations seperate from primitive restart state or whatever. Currently draws are unimplemented and the only full implemented things are clears and constant buffer operations.
Active state encapsulates all state that isn't part of a pipeline and can be set dynamically with Vulkan calls. This includes both dynamic state like stencil faces, and command buffer state like vertex buffer bindings.
Simililarly to the last commit, the main goal of this is to reduce the number of redundant work done per draw by employing dirty state as much as possible. Without using dirty state for this every active state operation would need to be performed every draw, which gets very expensive when things like buffer lookups end up being reqiored. Code has also been heavily cleaned up as is described in the previous commit.
The main goal of this is to reduce the number of redundant lookups and work done per draw as much as possible, this is mainly achived through heavy used of dirty tracking though other optimisations like heavily using the linear allocator are also in play. In addition to the goal of performance, the code has been cleaned up and abstracted significantly from its state in graphics_context, hopefully making the GPU interconnect code much more maintainable in the future and reducing the boilerplace needed to add even simple functionality. This commit includes partial pipeline state, enough for implementing clears + a slight bit extra.
Adepted from the previous code to use dirty state tracking. The cache has also been removed since with the new buffer view and GMMU optimisations it actually ended up slowing lookups down, another result of the buffer view optimisations is that raw pointers are no longer used for buffer views since destruction is now much cheaper.
This common code will be used across the entirety of the 3D rewrite, it also includes a stub for StateUpdateBuilder, which will be used by active state code to apply state updates.
All the names are directly translated from Nvidia docs, with minimal conversions to enums/structs when appropriate. Not all registers have been rewritten, only those that are needed to implement clears and dynamic state, the rest will be added as they are used in the GPU rework.
This will be heavily used by the upcoming GPU rework. It provides an intuitive way to track dirtiness based on using the underlying pointers of objects, as opposed to other methods which often need an enum entry per dirty state and don't support overlaps. Wrappers for dirty state objects are also provided to abstract as much of the dirty tracking as possible from user code. The pointer based mechanism also serves to avoid having to handle dirty bindings on the user side of the dirty resources, allowing them to bind things internally instead.
Constant buffer updates result in a barrage of std::mutex calls that take a lot of time even under no contention (around 5%). Using a custom spinlock in cases like these allows inlining locking code reducing the cost of locks under no contention to almost 0.
This can be inlined by the compiler much easier which helps perf a fair bit due to the number of times buffers are looked up, also avoids the need for small vector construction that was done in the previous fast-path.
This isn't a guarantee provided by actual HW so we don't need to provide it either, the sync can be skipped once the buffer already been synced at least once within the execution.
Constructing the GPU copy callback in `ConstantBuffers::Load()` ended up taking a fair amount of time despite it almost never being used in practice. By making it optional it can be skipped most of the time and only done when it's actually neccessary by calling `Write()` again if the initial call returned true.
Buffer views creation was a significant pain point, requiring several layers of caching to reduce the number of creations that introduced a lot of complexity. By reworking delegates to be per-buffer rather than per-view and then linearly allocating delegates (without ever freeing) views can be reduced to just {delegatePtr, offset, size}, avoiding the need for any allocations or set operations in GetView. The one difficulty with this is the need to support buffer recreation, which is achived by allowing delegates to be chained - during recreation all source buffers have their delegates modified to point to the newly created buffer's delegate. Upon accessing a view with such a chained delegate the view will be modified to point directly to the end delegate with offset being updated accordingly, skipping the need to traverse the chain for future accesses.
In the upcoming GPU code each state member will hold a reference to its corresponding Maxwell 3D regs, this helper is needed to allow easy transformation from the the main 3D register struct into them.
Example:
```c++
struct Regs {
std::array<View, 10> viewRegs;
u32 enable;
} regs;
struct ViewState {
const View &view;
const u32 &enable;
size_t index;
};
std::array<ViewState, 10> viewStates{MergeInto<ViewState, 10>(regs.viewRegs, regs.enable, IncrementingT{})
```
Useful for cases where allocations are guaranteed to be unused by the time `Reset()` is called and calling `Free()` would be difficult or add extra performance cost due to how the allocation is used.
In some games performing the binary search in `TranslateRange()` ended up taking a fairly large (~8%) proportion of GPFIFO time. By using a segment table for O(1) lookups this is reduced to <2% for non-split mappings at the cost of slightly increased memory usage (2GiB in the absolute worse case but more like 50MiB in real world situations).
In addition to adapting `TranslateRange()` to use the segment table, a new function `LookupBlock()` for cases where only a single mapping would ever be looked up so the small_vector handling and fallback paths can be skipped and the entire lookup be inlined.
Forward this function to OpenSaveDataFileSystem for now. A proper implementation should wrap the underlying filesystem with nn::fs::ReadOnlyFileSystem.
We want to know when the `KProcess` is being killed and flushing log during it is important since it can often result in hangs due to joining not working correctly.
We currently don't wait on a slot to be freed if none are free, this worked prior to async presentation as GBP's slots wouldn't change their state until other commands were called but now slots can be held by the presentation engine. As a result, we now have to wait on the presentation engine to free up slots.
This commit also fixes the behavior of the `async` flag in `DequeueBuffer` as it was treated as a non-blocking flag but isn't supposed to do anything on HOS.
Needed for games such as AC:NH.
The `Auto` option automatically selects a region based on the currently selected system language.
Co-Authored-By: Timotej Leginus <35149140+timleg002@users.noreply.github.com>
As part of this commit, a new preference category for debug settings is being introduced. All future settings only relevant for debugging purposes will be put there. The category is hidden on release builds.
Host synchronization of a guest texture with a different guest format represents a valid use case where the host doesn't support the guest format and conversion to a host-compatible format must be performed. The issue is most evident on Mali GPUs, as they don't support BCn texture formats thus needing manual decoding before submission. It was disabled by mistake in a previous commit, this commit re-enables it.
Unindexed quad draws were broken when multiple draw calls were done on the same vertex buffer, with a non-zero `first` index.
Indexed quad draws also suffered from the same issue, but was never encountered in games.
This commit fixes both cases by accounting for the `first` drawn index when generating conversion index buffers.
TIPC is a much lighter layer ontop of the Horizon IPC system than CMIF and is used by SM in 12.0.0+. This implementation is slightly hacky since it doesn't really keep a seperation between the underlying kernel IPC stuff and userspace like CMIF/TIPC, this should be fixed eventually, probably together with an IPC dispatch rewrite to avoid the mess of frozen maps.
Tested with Hentai Uni, which now crashes needing 'ldr:ro'.
Tapping anything in titles that supported touch (such as Puyo Puyo Tetris or Sonic Mania) wouldn't work due to the first touch point never being removed from the screen, it is supposed to be removed after a 3 frame delay from the touch ending.
This commit introduces a mechanism to "time-out" touch points which counts down during the shared memory updates and removes them from the screen after a specified timeout duration.
Certain titles depend on HID LIFO entries being written out at a fixed frequency rather than on actual state change, not doing this can lead to applications freezing till the LIFO is filled up to maximum size, this behavior is seen in Super Mario Odyssey. In other cases such as Metroid Dread, the game can run into race conditions that would lead to crashes, these were worked around by smashing a button during loading prior.
This commit introduces a thread which sleeps and wakes up occasionally to write LIFO entries into HID shared memory at the desired frequencies. This alleviates any issues as it fills up the LIFO instantly and correctly emulates HID Shared Memory behavior expected by the guest.
Co-authored-by: Narr the Reg <juangerman-13@hotmail.com>
It was determined that deadlocks inside `KThread::UpdatePriorityInheritance` would not only arise from the first level of locking with `waitingOn->waiterMutex` but also the second level of locking with `nextThread->waiterMutex` which has now also been fixed to fallback when facing contention.
PR #1758 introduced a bug where the game list would be entirely loaded every time the app was opened. This commit addresses that issue, which was caused by the `version` member of the cached game list being serialized to file (although incorrectly) but never actually read back when deserializing.
* Remove `package` from manifest and from activity prefixes, gradle `namespace` will be used instead
* Removed deprecated `android.support.PARENT_ACTIVITY` metadata
entries
* Make `MainActivity` and `SettingsActivity` launched in `singleTop` mode to avoid unnecessary activity restarts while navigating the app
Using `__attribute__((packed))` doesn't work in new NDKs when a struct contains 128-bit integer members, likely because of a ndk/compiler bug. We now enclose the requiring structs in `#pragma pack` directives to tightly pack them.
Since the blit engine itself samples from pixel corners and the helper shader from pixel centres teh src coordinates need to be adjusted to avoid the helper shader wrapping round on the final column.
We previously missed the hades pass for attribute conversion leading to crashes when games would attempt to use such an attribute. The hades pass for this isn't a proper fix however as it modifies the IR directly and will break if any of the previous stages in the pipeline change. Enable it to allow for games using them to at least have a chance at working. In the long term the pass will be reworked on the hades side to avoid modifying the IR in a way that can't be undone.
This vertex state must only be present for the last pipeline stage that touches vertices, if it is present for other stages it could result in incorrect behaviour like performing TFB in the fragment shader or flipping device coordinates twice.
As the code was before, if we had a shader that was disabled and enabled again after without being invalidated the pipeline stage would stay disabled and break rendering.
We previously only supported non-indexed quads. Support for this is implemented by converting the index buffer at record time and pushing the result into the megabuffer, which is then used as the index buffer in the final draw command.
The `Allocate` method allocates the given amount of space in a megabuffer chunk, returning a descriptor of the allocated region. This is useful for situations where you want to write directly to the megabuffer, avoiding the need for an intermediary buffer.
Entirely rewrites the engine and interconnect code to take advantage of the subpixel and OOB blit support offered by the blit helper shader. The interconnect code is also cleaned up significantly with the 'context' naming being dropped due to potential conflicts with the 'context' from context lock
It is desirable for us to use a shader for blits to allow easily emulating out of bounds blits and blits between different swizzled colour formats. The helper shader infrastructure is designed to be generic so it can be reused by any other helper shaders that we may need in the future.
These sometimes spuriously occur in games during transitions, to avoid crashing during them just use the null texture if they occur and log an error log
The constant destruction and creation of `BufferView`s in cbuf-heavy games showed up as a large chunk of the profiler. Fix this by taking advantage of the fact that constant buffer `BufferView`s are never deleted and always kept around in the cache to just return a pointer to them in the cache.
Currently we heavily thrash the heap each draw, with malloc/free taking up about 10% of GPFIFOs execution time. Using a linear allocator for the main offenders of buffer usage callbacks and index/vertex state helps to reduce this to about 4%
Certain titles can have a display frames out of order due to not waiting on the copy from the final RT to the swapchain image to occur. Although `PresentFrame` does wait on the syncpoint, that isn't enough to ensure the source texture is up-to-date due to us signalling syncpoints early.
By waiting on the swapchain texture after the copy is submitted, we now implicitly wait on the source texture's cycle to be signalled thus waiting on the frame to be done which fixes the issue.
After the introduction of workahead a system to hold a single large megabuffer per submission was implemented, this worked fine for most cases however when many submissions were flight at the same time memory usage would increase dramatically due to the amount of megabuffers needed. Since only one megabuffer was allowed per execution, it forced the buffer to be fairly large in order to accomodate the upper-bound, even further increasing memory usage.
This commit implements a system to fix the memory usage issue described above by allowing multiple megabuffers to be allocated per execution, as well as reuse across executions. Allocations now go through a global allocator object which chooses which chunk to allocate into on a per-allocation scale, if all are in use by the GPU another chunk will be allocated, that can then be reused for future allocations too. This reduces Hollow Knight megabuffer memory usage by a factor 4 and SMO by even more.
Accesses to unset entries is now clearly defined as returning a 0'd out value, the prior behavior would be to optimize sets for border segments to use L2 atomicity when the specific segment had no L1 entries set. This would lead to any future lookups of offsets within the same L2 segment but a different L1 entry to incorrectly return an inaccurate value as the only prior guarantee was that lookups after setting a segment would return the same value as was set but lacked the guarantee for unset segments to also consistently return unset values.
This could lead to issues in practical usages such as the `BufferManager` lookups returning the existence of a `Buffer` at a location falsely even though the segment was never set to the value, this was problematic as raw pointers were utilized and bound checks would lead to a segmentation fault.
This commit fixes this issue by introducing this guarantee and refactoring the class accordingly, it also deletes the `Set` method for setting a single entry as the meaning is ambiguous and it's functionality was more akin to the past guarantee and no longer makes sense.
Co-authored-by: PixelyIon <pixelyion@protonmail.com>
We would always write all L1 entries that correspond to an L2 entry, even if setting an input range ended before that. This would effectively reduce the atomicity of the segment table to that of the L2 range and lead to breaking API guarantees by returning entirely wrong segment values for a lookup covering a region that was overwritten.
It was determined that `RangeTable` was too ambiguous of a name as it could be interpreted to be holding ranges rather than looking them up, to avoid confusion the terminology has been changed to `range` to `segment`. As "segment table" is more clear in describing that it is a table comprised of descriptors regarding segments and it avoids any overlaps with terminology concerning "pages" which would be overly specific for this data structure or the ambiguous "ranges".
The PI CAS in `MutexUnlock` ends up loading `basePriority` rather than `priority` which could lead to an infinite CAS loop when `basePriority` doesn't equal to `priority` and the `highestPriorityThread`'s priority is lower than `basePriority`.
It was determined that `Texture::SynchronizeGuest`'s `TextureBufferCopy` had races that were exposed by the introduction of the cycle waiter thread, the synchronization did not take place under a locked context so the texture could be mutated at any point in addition to the destructor not being run during `FenceCycle::Wait` due to `shouldDestroy` being `false`.
This commit fixes the issue by making `SynchronizeGuest` entirely blocking as all usages of the function required blocking semantics regardless so it would be pointless to retain its async nature while solving any races that may arise from it being async.
Co-authored-by: Billy Laws <blaws05@gmail.com>
Since we don't call `SynchronizeHost` on source buffers which are GPU dirty, their mirrors will be out of date. The backing contents of this source buffer's region in the new buffer will be incorrect. By copying from the backing directly, we can ensure that no writes are lost and that if the newly created buffer needs to turn GPU dirty during recreation no copies need to be done since the backing is as up to date as the mirror at a minimum.
The code is much simpler to reason about when reading the code as it doesn't require evaluating all the potential edge cases of trap handlers in different states. It should be noted that this should not change behavior in any meaningful way, at most it can prevent a minor race where the protection could be upgraded after being downgraded by the signal handler leading to a redundant trap.
Two issues exist with locking of `KThread::waiterMutex`:
* It was not always locked when accessing waiter members such as `waitThread`, `waitKey` and `waitTag` which would lead to a race that could end up in a deadlock or most notably a segfault inside `UpdatePriorityInheritance`
* There could be a deadlock from `UpdatePriorityInheritance` locking `waiterMutex` of a thread and waiting to get the owner's `waiterMutex` while on another thread `MutexUnlock` holds the owner's `waiterMutex` and waits on locking the `waiterMutex` held by `UpdatePriorityInheritance`
This commit fixes both issues by adding appropriate locking to all locations where waiter members are accessed in addition to adding a fallback mechanism inside `UpdatePriorityInheritance` that unlocks `waiterMutex` on contention to avoid a deadlock.
The condition for exiting the CAS loops is incorrect in several places which leads to additional loops, while this doesn't make the behavior incorrect it does lead to redundant iterations.
Co-authored-by: Billy Laws <blaws05@gmail.com>
A substantial amount of time would be spent on creation/destruction of `VkDescriptorSet` which scales on titles doing a substantial amount of draws with bindings, this leads to poor performance on those titles as the frametime is dragged down by performing these tasks while they repeatedly create descriptor sets of the same layouts.
This commit fixes it by pooling descriptor sets per-layout in a dynamically resizable pool and keeping them around rather than destroying them after usage which leads to the vast majority of cases not requiring a new descriptor set to even be created. It leads to significantly improved performance where it would otherwise be spent on redundant destruction/recreation or push descriptor updates which took a substantial amount of time themselves.
Additionally, the `BaseDescriptorSizes` were not kept up to date with all of the descriptor types, it led to no crashes on Adreno/Mali as they were purely used for size calculations on either driver but has been corrected to avoid any future issues.
A substantial amount of time is spent destroying dependencies for any threads waiting or polling `FenceCycle`s, this is not optimal as it blocks them from moving onto other tasks while destruction is a fundamentally async task and can be delayed.
This commit solves this by introducing a thread that is dedicated to waiting on every `FenceCycle` then signalling and destroying all dependencies which entirely fixes the issue of destruction blocking on more important threads.
Buffer lookups are a fairly expensive operation that we currently spend `O(log n)` on the simplest and most frequent case of which is a direct match, this is a very frequent operation where that may be insufficient. This commit optimizes that case to `O(1)` by utilizing a `RangeTable` at the cost of slightly higher insertion/deletion costs for setting ranges of values but these are minimal in frequency compared to lookups.
A data structure that can represent the same value for a range of addresses (pages) is required for fast lookup in certain cases. This commit implements a near optimal data structure for mass insertion and O(1) lookup of range-based data, this is achieved using the host MMU and implementing multiple levels of atomicity for the ranges.
It should be noted that the table is limited to two levels but can be extended to a variable amount of ranges in the future, it was determined that additional levels of ranges can be beneficial for performance depending on the specific use-case.
Adreno drivers have certain errata which leads to Vulkan Push Descriptors to be broken on them in certain cases which leads to a descriptor set update being swallowed. This has been worked around by disabling push descriptors on Adreno drivers, this may lead to reduced performance on certain titles which frequently bind new descriptors.
Any semaphore releases are implicit synchronization events that can be utilized by the guest to pick up that the GPU has executed till a certain point and therefore we must submit all prior work accordingly.
DMA copies utilized `SubmitWithFlush` instead of `Submit`, this is not required and incurs significant additional synchronization penalties which will no longer be required.
We want to avoid blocking on surface creation unless necessary, this commit doesn't wait on the creation of the surface as it default initializes the value which'll generally be `Identity` or the transformation of the previous surface if it was lost.
Co-authored-by: Billy Laws <blaws05@gmail.com>
The V-Sync `KEvent` would be used by the presentation thread prior to construction leading to dereferencing an invalid value, this has been fixed by changing the order of construction to move the construction of the presentation thread after the V-Sync event.
The `TrapRegions` function performed a page-out on any regions that were trapped as read-only, this wasn't optimal as it would tie them both into the same operation while Buffers/Textures require to protect then synchronize and page-out. The trap was being moved to after the synchronize to get around this limitation but that can cause a potential race due to certain writes being done after the synchronization but prior to the trap which would be lost. This commit fixes these issues by splitting paging out into `PageOutRegions` which can be called after `TrapRegions` by any API users.
Co-authored-by: Billy Laws <blaws05@gmail.com>
`NCE::TrapRegions` was a bit too overloaded as a method as it implicitly trapped which was unnecessary in all current usage cases, this has now been made more explicit by consolidating the functionality into `NCE::CreateTrap` which handles just creation of the trap and nothing past that, `RetrapRegions` has been renamed to `TrapRegions` and handles all trapping now.
Co-authored-by: Billy Laws <blaws05@gmail.com>
Similar to `Buffer`s, `Texture`s suffered from unoptimal behavior due to using atomics for `DirtyState` and had certain bugs with replacement of the variable at times where it shouldn't be possible which have now been fixed by moving to using a mutex instead of atomics. This commit also updates the API to more closely match what is expected of it now and removes any functions that weren't utilized such as `SynchronizeGuestWithBuffer`.
Having a single variable denoting the exact state of a buffer and the operations that could be performed on it was found to be too restrictive, it's now been expanded into an additional `BackingImmutability` variable but due to these two. We can no longer use atomics without significant additional complexity so all accesses to the state are now mediated through `stateMutex`, a mutex specifically designed for tracking the state.
While designing the system around `stateMutex` it was determined to be more efficient than atomics as it would enforce blocking far less than it would generally have been compared to if the regular atomic fallback of locking the main resource lock which is locked for significantly longer generally.
Co-authored-by: PixelyIon <pixelyion@protonmail.com>
As a performance sensitive part of code, the NCE Trapping API benefits from having tracing and it helps us better determine where guest code is spending its time for more targeted optimizations.
The lifetime of the `this` pointer in the trap callbacks could be invalid as the lifetime of the underlying `Buffer`/`Texture` object wasn't guaranteed, this commit fixes that by passing a `weak_ptr` of the objects into the callbacks which is locked during the callbacks and ensures that a destroyed object isn't accessed.
Co-authored-by: Billy Laws <blaws05@gmail.com>
The `CommandExecutor`'s `MegaBuffer` was not being updated with the latest `FenceCycle` on being flushed in `SubmitWIthFlush`, this led to the megabuffer being overwritten prior to its GPU-side usage being complete. This commit fixes that by replacing the cycle to the latest cycle and prevents any races that occurred prior.
`FindOrCreate` ended up being monolithic function with poor readability, this commit addresses those concerns by refactoring the function to split it up into multiple member functions of `BufferManager`, while some of these member functions may only have a single call-site they are important to logically categorize tasks into individual functions. The end result is far neater logic which is far more readable and slightly better optimized by virtue of being abstracted better.
In certain cases the move constructor may not suffice and the move assignment operator is required, this commit implements that and moves to using a pointer for storing the `resource` member rather than a reference as its semantics matched what we desired more and allowed for assignment of the `resource`.
It was determined that `FindOrCreate` has several issues which this commit fixes:
* It wouldn't correctly handle locking of the newly created `Buffer` as the constructor would setup traps prior to being able to lock it which could lead to UB
* It wouldn't propagate the `usedByContext`/`everHadInlineUpdate` flags correctly
* It wouldn't correctly set the `dirtyState` of the buffer according to that of its source buffers
The condition for `setDirty` in the dirty state CAS was inverted from what it should've been resulting in synchronizing incorrectly, this commit fixes the condition to correct synchronization.
The formats of the textures involved in a texture were checked for equality, this broke certain copies as the presentation engine would invoke copies between textures of different yet compatible formats.
Co-authored-by: PixelyIon <pixelyion@protonmail.com>
`ContextLock` had unoptimal semantics in the form of direct access to the `isFirst` member which wasn't clearly defined, it's now been broken up into function calls `IsFirstUsage` and `OwnsLock` with explicit move semantics and a function for releasing the lock.
Co-authored-by: PixelyIon <pixelyion@protonmail.com>
The position at which we call submit is a significant factor in performance and we did so at the end of PBs (PushBuffers), this isn't optimal as there could be multiple PBs queued up that would benefit from being in the same submission. We now delay the submission of the workload till we run out of PBs.
A buffer that's attached to a context could be coalesced into a larger buffer which isn't attached, this would break as it wouldn't keep the buffer alive till the end of the associated context. To fix this if any source buffers are attached then the resulting coalesced buffer is also attached now.
The CAS condition for KThread PI was inverted which lead to entirely incorrect behavior for CAS conditions which while it might work in the vast majority of cases would lead to significantly inaccurate behavior.
The lock callback would `continue` which would end up skipping over the current item as it applied to the inner loop rather than the outer loop as intended. This has now been fixed by using `break` and a check instead.
The buffer's non-blocking behavior could lead to an invalid state where the dirty state doesn't adequately represent the buffer's true state, the check has now been moved inside the CAS loop as its behavior changes depending on the dirty state. In addition, `SynchronizeGuest` returns a boolean denoting if the synchronization was successful now to make code flows depending on non-blocking synchronization cleaner.
`SynchronizeGuest` could only set the dirty state to `Clean` which was redundant since calls to it from inside the write trap handler would set it to `CpuDirty` directly after, this fixes that by doing it inside the function when necessary.
The trap callbacks did not wait on the `Texture` to complete synchronization to the guest, this resulted in races where the contents written to the texture would be overwritten by the synced content. This commit fixes that by waiting on the fences at the end of the trap callback.
The lifetime of `TextureView` objects wasn't correctly managed as they weren't being attached the the `FenceCycle` in `AttachTexture`, this led to them getting deleted and causing all sorts of UB.
The flush callbacks inside `CommandExecutor` weren't being called prior to submission as they should've been, this fixes that by calling them. It additionally removes the requirement to manually flush Maxwell3D at the end of `ChannelGpfifo` pushbuffers as it's a flush callback and will automatically be called by `Submit`.
Co-authored-by: Billy Laws <blaws05@gmail.com>
Any work that was done in a `ChannelGpfifo` pushbuffer needs to be submitted at the end of it, if it isn't done then the work might incorrectly be not done till the next submission. This commit fixes it by calling `CommandExecutor::Submit` at the end of a pushbuffer, submitting any buffers that would've been left over.
Co-authored-by: Billy Laws <blaws05@gmail.com>
Certain submissions might not utilize megabuffering but reserve a `MegaBuffer` regardless, this is not optimal since it can inflate the allocations and waste memory. This commit addresses the issue by eliding the allocation given the current submission doesn't utilize them.
If a `FenceCycle` isn't attached then `PollFence` returned `false` while it should return if the buffer has any concurrent GPU usages in flight, this has now been fixed by returning `true` in those cases.
Certain resources can be attached to an empty `Submit` with no nodes, this can cause it to become a false dependency and not be removed till the next non-empty submission. This has now been fixed by doing a reset regardless of if any nodes exist.
The GPU inline copy callback was broken for `Buffer::Write` as it wasn't always called when it needed to be and didn't handle attaching of the buffer to the executor which would cause it to be unlocked. This commit addresses both of these issues, it introduces a `AttachLockedBuffer` method to attach an already locked buffer to the executor.
The FPS is implicitly bound to the refresh rate due to the timestamp being that of the presentation time, this leads to a misleading FPS figure for disabled frame throttling. It has now been fixed by using the frame submission time rather than the presentation time when frame throttling is disabled and to make this more apparent the color of the OSD FPS has been changed.
All `Packed` formats have their components stored in the opposite ordering to the label, this was not followed for `IsAdrenoAliasCompatible` prior and the ordering has now been flipped.
A deadlock was caused by holding `trapMutex` while waiting on the lock of a resource inside a callback while another thread holding the resource's mutex waits on `trapMutex`. This has been fixed by no longer allowing blocking locks inside the callbacks and introducing a separate callback for locking the resource which is done after unlocking the `trapMutex` which can then be locked by any contending threads.
The `end` pointer for `interval` was incorrectly calculated as `interval.data() + interval.size_bytes()` which would be incorrect when the interval span type is not `u8` as the pointer derived from `interval.data()` would be a pointer to the span type rather than a byte pointer and be subject to arithmetic of that object's size rather than in terms of a byte.
We generally don't need to lock the `Texture`/`Buffer` in the trap handler, this is particularly problematic now as we hold the lock for the duration of a submission of any workloads. This leads to a large amount of contention for the lock and stalling in the signal handler when the resource may be `Clean` and can simply be switched over to `CpuDirty` without locking and utilizing atomics which is what this commit addresses.
We utilized a `FenceCycle` to keep track of if the buffer was mutable or not and introduced another cycle to track GPU-side requirements only on fulfillment of which could the buffer be utilized on the host but due to the recent change in the behavior this system ended up being unoptimal.
This commit replaces the cycle with a boolean tracking if there are any usages of the resource on the GPU within the current context that may prevent it from being mutated on the CPU. The fence of the context is simply attached to the buffer based off this which was allowed as the new behavior of buffer fences matches all the requirements for this.
An atomic transactional loop was performed on the backing `std::shared_ptr` inside `BufferView`/`TextureView`'s `lock`/`LockWithTag`/`try_lock` functions, these locks utilized `std::atomic_load` for atomically loading the value from the `shared_ptr` recursively till it was the same value pre/post-locking.
This commit abstracts the locking functionality of `TextureView`/`BufferDelegate` into `LockableSharedPtr` to avoid code duplication and removes the usage of `std::atomic_load` in either case as it is not necessary due to the implicit memory barrier provided by locking a mutex.
`PresentationEngine` and `GraphicBufferProducer` methods that utilized textures for the surface utilized the `Texture` type rather than the `TextureView` type, this was never correct but at the time of authoring this code `TextureView` was not finalized and in a major flux which is why it was not utilized and `Texture` was utilized instead. Now that is is far more stable, it has been replaced with `TextureView`.
We want to block on the host thread during presentation while the host surface isn't present to implicitly pause the game, this can end up being fairly costly as it involves locking the `PresentationEngine` mutex which can lead to a lot of contention with the presentation thread. This fixes the issue by polling if there is a surface and only if there isn't then doing the wait as it isn't mandatory to wait always, we'll eventually run into the guest thread stalling.
Newer versions of the Deko3D homebrew were crashing due to this check and it was discovered that the check was incorrect and rather than comparing the `NvSurface` what had to be compared was the `GraphicBuffer` associated with the slot directly.
Co-authored-by: lynxnb <niccolo.betto@gmail.com>
The copyright headers for external project such as yuzu/Ryujinx were inconsistent in ordering, Skyline should always be the first item in the list. In addition, they didn't always link to the project's GitHub which has also been fixed.
Multiple threads concurrently accessing the `TextureManager`/`BufferManager` (Referred to as "resource managers") has a potential deadlock with a resource being locked while acquiring the resource manager lock while the thread owning it tries to acquire a lock on the resource resulting in a deadlock.
This has been fixed with locking of resource manager now being externally handled which ensures it can be locked prior to locking any resources, `CommandExecutor` provides accessors for retrieving the resource manager which automatically handles locking aside doing so on attachment of resources.
GPU resources have been designed with locking by fences in mind, fences were treated as implicit locks on a GPU, design paradigms such as `GraphicsContext` simply unlocking the texture mutex after attaching it which would set the fence cycle were considered fine prior but are unoptimal as it enforces that a `FenceCycle` effectively ensures exclusivity. This conflates the function of a mutex which is mutual exclusion and that of the fence which is to track GPU-side completion and led to tying if it was acceptable to use a GPU resource to GPU completion rather than simply if it was not currently being used by the CPU which is the function of the mutex.
This rework fixes this with the groundwork that has been laid with previous commits, as `Context` semantics are utilized to move back to using mutexes for locking of resources and tracking the usage on the GPU in a cleaner way rather than arbitrary fence comparisons. This also leads to cleaning up a lot of methods that involved usage of fences that no longer require it and therefore can be entirely removed, further cleaning up the codebase. It also opens the door for future improvements such as the removal of `hostImmutableCycle` and replacing them with better solutions, the implementation of which is broken at the moment regardless.
While moving to `Context`-based locking the question of multiple GPU workloads being in-flight while using overlapping resources came up which brought a fundamental limitation of `FenceCycle` to light which was that only one resource could be concurrently attached to a cycle and it could not adequately represent multi-cycle dependencies. `FenceCycle` chaining was designed to fix this inadequacy and allows for several different GPU workloads to be in-flight concurrently while utilizing the same resources as long as they can ensure GPU-GPU synchronization.
If we want to allow submitting multiple pieces of work to the GPU at once while still requiring CPU synchronization, we'll need to track all past fence cycles associated with a resource alongside the current one. To solve this the concept of chaining fences has been introduced, fences from past usages can be chained to the latest fence which'll then recursively forward operations to chained fences.
This change also ends up mandating a move away from `FenceCycleDependency` as it would prevent fences from concurrently locking the same resources which is required for chaining to work as two fences being chained fundamentally means they're locking the same resources. The `AtomicForwardList` is therefore used as the new container.
An implementation of a singly-linked list with atomic access to allow for lock-free access semantics, it eliminates the requirement for a mutex which can introduce additional consideration for synchronization.
Resources on the GPU can be fairly convoluted and involve overlaps which can lead to the same GPU resources being utilized with different views, we previously utilized fences to lock resources to prevent concurrent access but this was overly harsh as it would block usage of resources till GPU completion of the commands associated with a resource.
Fences have now been replaced with locks but locks run into the issue of being per-view and therefore to add a common object for tracking usage the concept of "tags" was introduced to track a single context so locks can be skipped if they're from the same context. This is important to prevent a deadlock when locking a resource which has been already locked from the current context with a different view.
We do not want to allow saving of user data on unsigned builds as they don't have a stable signature and will not properly handle reinstallation. This can lead to a situation where the user has to resort to complex techniques to completely uninstall the package such as ADB or calling into PM directly.
We currently present all frames synchronously on the thread that calls into SurfaceFlinger functions, this is unoptimal as it doesn't match guest behavior which can lead to delaying the guest from working on the next frame. This commit queuing up frames to non-blocking and handles all waiting then presenting the frame on a dedicated thread.
We utilize `pthread_setname_np` to set the thread names but didn't check for any errors which resulted in the `Skyline-Choreographer` and `ChannelCmdFifo` not having proper names as they exceeded the 16 character limit on thread names for the pthread function. This has now been fixed by changing the names and introducing error checking to invocations of this function.
All our normal alignment functions are designed to only handle power of 2 (`POT`) multiples as we only align or check alignment to `POT` multiples but there are cases where this is not possible and we deal with `NPOT` multiples which is why this function is required.
We waited on the host GPU after `Execute` but this isn't optimal as it causes a major stall on the CPU which can lead to several adverse effects such as downclocking by the governor and losing the opportunity to work in parallel with the GPU.
This has now been fixed by splitting `Execute`'s functionality into two functions: `Submit` and `SubmitWithFlush` which both execute all nodes and submit the resulting command buffer to the GPU but flushing will wait on the GPU to complete while the non-flush variant will not wait and work ahead of the GPU.
We need move-assignment semantics to viably utilize these objects as class members, they cannot be replaced without move-assign (or copy-assign but that is undesirable here). This commit fixes that by introducing a move assignment operator to them while making the `slot` a pointer which has the necessary nullability semantics.
This change lets items get the updated position of their view holder in the adapter. Fixes an issue where the position of items was not updated after being removed from a `SelectableGenericAdapter`.
This preference launches `GpuDriverActivity` for managing custom gpu drivers. When the device has an incompatible GPU, the preference will be disabled and greyed out.
The activity adds the following functionalities:
* Lists installed drivers
* Allows the user to install new drivers, or remove installed ones
* Allows the user to select the driver that will be used by the emulator
At some point we will call Submit within draws or constant buffer updates, to avoid any infinite recursion mark draw/cbuf pending as false before performing any operation
The previous name was chosen as an afterthought and didn't clearly indicate what the purpose of the class is. We needed a separate, simple class without delegates members (like PreferenceSettings), so that its fields can be easily accessed via JNI to get settings values from native code.
The `Settings` class now has a pure virtual `Update` method, and uses inheritance over template specialization for platform-specific behavior override.
A `Setting` delegate class has been introduced, holding the raw value of the setting and adding support for registering callbacks to that setting. Callbacks will then be called when the value of that setting changes.
As a result of this, raw setting values have been made accessible through pointer dereference semantics.
SharedPreferences will be partially swapped out in the future to support per-game settings. In the meantime, make it clear from which class settings are coming from.
Settings are now shared to the native side by passing an instance of the Kotlin's `Settings` class. This way the C++ `Settings` class doesn't need to parse the SharedPreferences xml anymore.
Mali GPU drivers utilize the `ppoll()` syscall inside `waitForFences` which isn't correctly restarted after a signal, which we can receive at any time on a guest thread. This commit fixes that by recursively calling the function on failure till it succeeds or returns an unexpected error.
Co-authored-by: PixelyIon <pixelyion@protonmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Billy Laws <blaws05@gmail.com>
These applets are used by applications to display a custom error message to the user. Both the error message and the detailed error message are printed to the error log.
Co-authored-by: lynxnb <niccolo.betto@gmail.com>
This conforms to the C++ 'Allocator' named requirement allowing it to be used with any STL type and allows drastically reducing allocation times in cases which are suited for linear allocation.
Certain non-indexed quad draws would mistakenly take the indexed quad path because of the assumption that they would not have a bound index buffer. This resulted in a crash for most games using quads due to a faulty exception `Indexed quad conversion is not supported`, when in fact they were not using indexed quads.
Co-authored-by: PixelyIon <pixelyion@protonmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Billy Laws <blaws05@gmail.com>
This commit implements several key optimisations in megabuffering that are all inherently interlinked.
- Megabuffering is moved from per-buffer to per-view copies, this makes megabuffering possible for small views into larger underlying buffers which is often the case with even the simplest of games,
- Megabuffering is no longer the default option, it is only enabled for buffer views that have had inline GPU writes applied to them in the past as that is the only case where they are beneficial. In any other case the cost of copying, even with a 128KiB limit can be significant.
- With both of these changes, there is now possibility for overlapping views where one uses megabuffering and one does not. In order to allow GPU inline writes to work consistently in such cases a system of 'host immutability' has been implemented, when a buffer is marked as host immutable for a given cycle, all writes to the buffer from that point to the point the cycle is signalled will be performed on the GPU, ensuring that the backing contents are correctly sequenced
We don't always have access to CI secrets, such as, when a certain CI action is triggered by a PR from an external repository then it won't have access to secrets and be signed. While we likely will allow for this in the future as all workflows do have to be approved, it is still important to not crash when keys are unavailable and have a graceful fallback for those situations.
Has the same guarantees of pointer stabilty while also being significantly faster in cases where a buffer has thousands of views. This is the case in RE4 and this change leads to an almost 1000% performance improvement in that game.
Uses an API found through RE since none of the AOSP APIs work, additionaly the code for setting RR was consolidated to a single function that can be ran after all display updates.
We currently have a global `MegaBuffer` instance that is shared across all channels, this is very problematic as `MegaBuffer` fundamentally works like a state machine with allocations (especially resetting/freeing) and is thread-specific. Therefore, we now have a pool of several `MegaBuffer`s which is allocated from by the `CommandExecutor` and kept channel specific as a result which also limits its usage to a single thread, this allows for individually resetting or freeing any allocations.
There was a lot of redundant code in the `CommandScheduler` when the same functionality could be achieved with much shorter and cleaner code which this commit fixes. This includes no changes to the user-facing API and does not require any changes on the user side as a result.
Some games remap rendertargets or map them late which would lead to weird graphical bugs or crashes. Drop the caching since VMM lookup is fairly cheap anyway.
The `VkBufferImageCopy` offset calculations were wrong inside `CopyIntoStagingBuffer` as it multiplied the mip level's linear size by `levelCount` rather than `layerCount`. This led to substantial UB in games which called this function as it led to an overflow and resulted in writing to other areas of the buffer which caused major issues such as vertex/index buffer corruption and corresponding graphical glitches alongside likely being the cause of some crashes.
BC7 CPU decoding had the red and blue channels swapped around as it outputted a BGRA image after decoding while we expected an RGBA image to be produced. This should fix the colors of certain textures in titles such as Cuphead or Sonic Forces.
The syncpoint maximum value represents the maximum possible syncpt value at a given time, however due to PBs being submitted before max was incremented, for a brief moment of time this is not the case which could lead to crashes or other such behaviour if a game waits on the fence at the right moment.
We used a `FileProvider` for log sharing prior, this is no longer necessary since it comes under the `DocumentsProvider` now which can be utilized to share the log document directly.
Any documents with the same name existing in a directory that is copied to would cause an exception due to existing already, this fixes that by handling conflict resolution in those cases and automatically determining a file name that would avoid a conflict.
Previously a broken state value was returned from GetState that caused crashes in games using newer SDKs and NFP, correctly handle state now by updating it after initialisation.
We can't render to a 3D texture through a 3D view, we instead have to create a 2D array view into it and render to that. The texture manager previously didn't support having a different view type/layer count between a guest texture view and the underlying storage texture that is required to support this so that was also implemented by reading the view layer count from the dimensions depth instead if the underlying texture is 3D (and the view type is 2D array). Additionally move away from our own view type enum to Vulkan, inline with other guest texture member types.
Sampler anisotropy was made a required feature in an earlier commit due to its widespread availability but this was determined to be incorrect as certain Mali GPUs that can otherwise run 2D games in Skyline do not have this feature, while they are still not officially supported as this was the only roadblock to support them, it has now been made an optional feature.
`android:hasFragileUserData` was added in an earlier commit but then removed due to it not functioning because of signature checks. Now that signatures are consistent across builds, it has been readded and should now allow carrying data across CI and developer builds.
We've done no signing of any Skyline APKs to date which causes issues regarding authenticity of any APKs as they could be entirely unofficial builds which have not been vetted by the team. Additionally, the different keys remove the ability to reinstall a different build successively as Android checks for matching signatures before installing an APK.
With the Skyline document provider, easy access to the internal directory is required which may be hard to navigate to through the system file manager. This adds an option in settings to directly open up the directory in the system file manager.
The URIs (Document ID + Root) of the Skyline `DocumentsProvider` was unoptimal as it wasn't relative to a base directory. This is required for opening a root without knowledge of the full path in advance, it is therefore cleaner to provide a uniform `ROOT_ID` in a companion class.
On Android 12 and above, files from an application's external storage directory cannot be accessed by the user. The only proper SAF-compliant way to solve this is to create a `DocumentProvider` which proxies access to internal storage accordingly.
Certain GPU vendors such as ARM's Mali do not have support for BCn textures whatsoever while other vendors such as AMD only have partial support (BC1-BC3). Most titles on the guest utilize BC textures and to address this on host GPUs without support for BCn, we need to decompress the texture on the CPU. This commit implements a CPU BCn texture decoder based off Swiftshader's BC decoder, it also adds the necessary infrastructure to have different formats for the `GuestTexture` and `Texture` objects.
The iterations of the inner loop for sector deswizzling was miscalculated as `SectorWidth * SectorHeight` while the result was correct at `32`, it should be determined by the amount of sector lines within a GOB i.e.: `(GobWidth / SectorWidth) * GobHeight`.
Support for mipmapped textures was not implemented which is fairly crucial to proper rendering of games as the only level that would load is the first level (highest resolution), that might result in a lot more memory bandwidth being utilized. Mipmapping also has associated benefits regarding aliasing as it has a minor anti-aliasing effect on distant textures.
This commit entirely implements mipmapping support but it does not extend to full support for views into specific mipmap levels due to the texture manager implemention being incomplete.
Maxwell DMA requires swizzled copies to/from textures and earlier it had to construct an arbitrary `GuestTexture` to do so but with the introduction of the cleaner API, this has become redundant which this commit cleans up and replaces with direct calls to the API with all the necessary values.
The API for texture swizzling is now more concrete and abstracted out from `GuestTexture`, this allows for neater usage in certain areas such as MaxwellDMA while having a `GuestTexture` wrapper as well allowing for neater usage in those cases.
The code itself has also been cleaned up slightly with all usage of `u32`s being upgraded to `size_t` as this is simply more efficient due to the compiler not needing to emulate wraparound behavior for integer types smaller than the processor word size.
The Fermi 2D engine implements both image blit and resolve operations, supporting subpixel sampling with both linear and point filtering.
Resolve operations are performed by sampling from the center of each pixel in order to resolve the final image from the MSAA samples
MSAA images are stored in memory like regular images but each pixels dimensions are scaled: e.g for 2x2 MSAA
```
112233
112233
445566
445566
```
These would be sampled with both duDx and duDy as 2 (integer part), resolving to the following:
```
123
456
```
Blit operations are performed by sampling from the corner of each pixel, scaling the image as one would expect.
This implementation isn't fully complete as Vulkan blit doesn't support some combinations which Fermi does, most notably between colour and depth stencil. These will be implemented properly at a later date, likely after the texture manager rework.
Out of Bounds Blit, used by some OpenGL games is also missing since supporting it requires texture aliasing, this will also be supported after the texture manager rework.
Co-authored-by: Billy Laws <blaws05@gmail.com>
Certain writes during swizzling went out of bounds due to incorrect `blockExtentY` calculation, the previous commit to fix this ended up breaking it further. This commit returns to the original commit's calculations with the proper addendum of a check for exact alignment with a GOB which is the case that was broken earlier.
The `GuestTexture::GetLayerStride` function was not always being utilized to retrieve the layer stride inside `Texture`, it would instead directly access the `guestTexture::layerStride` member. This is problematic as it may not be initialized and return `0` which would lead to a broken image copy.
Most engines have the capability to release a semaphore payload (or reduce in the case of GPFIFO) when a method is called or action is complete. Semaphores are used by games for both timing how long things take on GPU and waiting on resources so missing them can cause deadlocks or other related issues.
Textures can have more than one layer which we currently don't handle, all layers past the initial one will be filled with random data or 0s, leading to incorrect rendering. This has now been implemented now which fixes any titles which utilize array textures, such as "Super Mario Odyssey" or "Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA MegaMix".
